Melanoma arises from the transformation of cutaneous or mucous melanocytes. Cutaneous malignant melanoma represents less than 5% of all malignant skin neoplasms but, despite the low incidence, it is responsible for the majority of skin cancer-related deaths, due to its tendency to metastasize (Erdei & Torres, 2010;Ossio et al., 2017).Its incidence varies greatly between countries and shows a steady increase (Leonardi et al., 2018). Ultraviolet radiation exposure represents the main environmental risk factor, although host risks factors, such as genetic predisposition and the number of nevi, play an important role in tumor development (Leonardi et al., 2018).If melanoma is diagnosed at an early stage, surgical excision is curative in the majority of cases (Ross & Gershenwald, 2011).Unfortunately, approximately 10% of neoplasms are detected at an advanced stage. These lesions are more difficult to treat although
Background Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) represent the most common forms of nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Although successful treatment of these neoplasms is based on surgical excision, an increasing number of BCCs relapses and many SCCs display high rates of recurrence and metastasis. Nicotinamide N‐methyltransferase (NNMT) is a cytosolic enzyme, which was found to be upregulated in different solid tumours. However, there are no data regarding enzyme expression in NMSCs. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the potential involvement of NNMT in BCCs and SCCs. Materials and methods Immunohistochemical analyses were carried out on 40 BCC cases and 39 SCC cases, to evaluate enzyme expression in tumour and surrounding healthy margins. Moreover, the relationship between NNMT intratumour levels and clinico‐pathological parameters were explored. Results Nicotinamide N‐methyltransferase was found to be overexpressed in BCCs compared with control tissues, while a significant enzyme downregulation was detected in SCCs with respect to corresponding healthy margins. In addition, NNMT levels were negatively related to aggressiveness of both BCCs (distinguishing between infiltrative and nodular tumours) and SCCs (considering head and neck forms and tumours of the extremities and trunk). Conclusions These evidences seem to demonstrate that the different NNMT dysregulation detected in BCC and SCC may be the result of important biological traits distinctively characterizing these two forms within NMSCs. In addition, enzyme levels seem to be inversely correlated with tumour aggressiveness, thus suggesting the potential suitability of the enzyme as a prognostic biomarker for both neoplasms.
Background: Cutaneous neoplasms include melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Among NMSCs, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) represents the most common lesion. On the contrary, although accounting for less than 5% of all skin cancers, melanoma is responsible for most of cutaneous malignancy-related deaths.Paraoxonase-2 (PON2) is an intracellular enzyme exerting a protective role against production of reactive oxygen species within mitochondrial respiratory chain.Recently, a growing attention has been focused on exploring the role of PON2 in cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic role of PON2 in skin neoplasms. Materials and methods: 36 cases of BCC, distinguished between nodular and infiltrative lesions, as well as 29 melanoma samples were analysed by immunohis-
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common tumor of the kidney and its major histologic subtype is clear cell RCC (ccRCC). About 30% of diagnosed ccRCCs already have metastasis. Traditionally, localized ccRCC is treated with nephrectomy but the relapse rate is 30%. Thus, the discovery of effective biomarkers for early detection, as well as the identification of new targets for molecular-based therapy of ccRCC are urgently required. In this study, we focused on molecules that could modulate the trascription of the enzyme nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) that is known to be up-regulated in ccRCC. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), interleukin 6 (IL-6), hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 beta (HNF-1β) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) expression levels were determined in tumor and non tumor samples obtained from 30 patients with ccRCC, using Real-Time PCR. Results obtained showed that TGF-β1 is significantly (p<0.05) overexpressed in tumor compared with normal tissue samples of ccRCC patients. Conversely, we did not find any statistically significant difference concerning STAT3, IL-6, HNF-1β gene expression levels. TGF-β1 up-regulation could be responsible for the high levels of NNMT observed in ccRCC. Targeting TGF-β1 could improve the outcome of ccRCC patients due to its role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), that is known to be associated with a worse overall survival (OS) in this neoplasm.
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