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The main focus of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is pulmonary complications through virus-related neurological manifestations, ranging from mild to severe, such as encephalitis, cerebral thrombosis, neurocognitive (dementia-like) syndrome, and delirium. The hospital screening procedures for quickly recognizing neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are often complicated by other coexisting symptoms and can be obscured by the deep sedation procedures required for critically ill patients. Here, we present two different case-reports of COVID-19 patients, describing neurological complications, diagnostic imaging such as olfactory bulb damage (a mild and unclear underestimated complication) and a severe and sudden thrombotic stroke complicated with hemorrhage with a low-level cytokine storm and respiratory symptom resolution. We discuss the possible mechanisms of virus entrance, together with the causes of COVID-19-related encephalitis, olfactory bulb damage, ischemic stroke, and intracranial hemorrhage.

Considering the numerous and complex biological, physiological, psychological, environmental, and sociocultural factors involved, breastfeeding can be defined at best as a moderator, decreasing or increasing anxiety, and depressive symptoms depending on the breastfeeding intentions of the mother (9,11,12), her personal history, and any pre-existing or current maternal mental health and treatment related issues (2, 13). Each (breast)feeding experience, in fact, should be considered "with the mother in the mind, " assuming that there is not a one-size-fits-all relationship between breastfeeding and maternal mental health. Successful breastfeeding starting immediately after birth and its continuation for the recommended or desired period is not the exclusive responsibility of the mother. It is a shared collective responsibility, with many stakeholders and moderating factors, among which the sociocultural environment, the context (family, workplace, healthcare system), and maternal physical and mental health (13)(14)(15).Research routinely suggests that antenatal depression, considered in isolation, negatively influences breastfeeding. However, the effect of antenatal depression on breastfeeding should not

This review describes the advantages of adopting a molluscan complementary model, the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis, to study the neural basis of learning and memory in appetitive and avoidance classical conditioning; as well as operant conditioning of its aerial respiratory and escape behaviour. We firstly explored ‘what we can teach Lymnaea’ by discussing a variety of sensitive, solid, easily reproducible and simple behavioural tests that have been used to uncover the memory abilities of this model system. Answering this question will allow us to open new frontiers in neuroscience and behavioural research to enhance our understanding of how the nervous system mediates learning and memory. In fact, from a translational perspective, Lymnaea and its nervous system can help to understand the neural transformation pathways from behavioural output to sensory coding in more complex systems like the mammalian brain. Moving on to the second question: ‘what can Lymnaea teach us?’, it is now known that Lymnaea shares important associative learning characteristics with vertebrates, including stimulus generalization, generalization of extinction and discriminative learning, opening the possibility to use snails as animal models for neuroscience translational research.

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