This article explores transnational motherhood from the perspective of Nicaraguan migrant workers in Spain and Nicaraguan family members caring for migrant women's children. Our sample included families with children who have special needs, to explore how economically disadvantaged families draw upon migration as a strategy to address educational and physical needs not provided by a weak 'exclusionary' social policy regime. Applying the notion of the family display to migrant mothers and their families, our research reveals how gendered expectations of parenting shape their experience and the ways in which they explain and justify the migratory project. Migrants and family members, with certain reservations and limitations, actively reinvent motherhood by (re)constructing financial contribution as a type of caring. Our research also unsettles the classic notion of the 'other mother' , as respondents describe caring as distributed over extended kin networks. K E Y W O R D S care, gender, global care chains, transnational families, transnational migrants Nicaraguan mothers employed in Spain as domestic workers and of family members and friends in Nicaragua who care This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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The ongoing project of citizenship construction in societies receiving international immigration demands a perspective that takes into account the interests, views and needs of all socio-demographic groups, including those of newcomers as potential new citizens. We interviewed representatives of 16 immigrant associations operating in the Spanish autonomous community of Galicia, reviewed immigration policy in 13 Spanish (Galician) municipalities, and interviewed 20 municipal government staff members who put these into practice. With this research, we aim to explore the perspectives of immigrants with respect to their own integration and to examine how these compare with local policies designed to facilitate these processes. By comparing the immigrant representatives' perceptions with local policy discourses and practice, our study reveals how local integration practice is not only inconsistent with its own policy discourse but also fails to consider and include immigrants' own understandings of what integration means and how it can be achieved.

En estas guías se recogen los resultados del estudio “Diversidad infantil, sociedad y emigración maternal en Nicaragua: articulando redes (DISEMINAR)”, coordinado por la Universidad de A Coruña (Galicia, España), y con la colaboración de la Asociación de Cooperación al Desarrollo Sólida (Galicia, España) y el Instituto de Liderazgo de Las Segovias -ILLS- (Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua). Dicho estudio ha tenido por objetivo abordar el contexto de la infancia con diversidad funcional en el Departamento de Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua, y contribuir a elevar su calidad de vida y la de sus familias. Para ello, se realizaron entrevistas con madres nicaragüenses emigradas en España, con profesionales de los ámbitos educativo, social, comunitario y de la salud, y con familias al cuidado de niños/as con diversidad funcional en Nueva Segovia. Por último, esta guía fue sociabilizada en la Jornada “Diseminando”, actividad financiada por la Oficina de Cooperación y Voluntariado de la Universidade da Coruña en octubre de 2019. Se invitaron a familias con niños/as y adolescentes con capacidades diferentes y madres migrantes nicaragüenses, a profesionales dedicados a la atención de niños, niñas y adolescentes con diversidad funcional del ámbito sanitario, educativo y social, de Nicaragua y de España, así como a diversas ONGs, a opinar sobre el contenido de este documento a través de una discusión dirigida por una investigadora del equipo, quien recogió todos los comentarios y los consensos, que también se incluyeron en esta guía.

Galician immigrant associations: Claims from a position of insecurity Since the beginning of the 21st century with the arrival of external immigrants who were motivated by economic factors and lacked ties to prior Galician emigration, Galicia has witnessed the consolidation of migrant communities. The formation of ethnic associations is one of the indicators of foreign community settlement and integration in the receiving society. The research project on which this article is based focused on the associations formed by non-Spanish speaking external immigrants in Galicia in order to analyze their claims and strategies related to processes of integration. The realities faced by these Galician immigrant associations have been shaped by economic instability. The economic crisis has directly affected the lives of group leaders and members, and the organizations themselves have suffered as a result of austerity measures that have reduced social spending. In this article we apply Schrover and Vermeulen's (2005) classification of ethnic association approaches as either defensive (responding to social exclusion) or offensive (emphasizing differences with respect to the receiving society), and extend this scheme to include a third type: organizations which make claims for interculturality (stronger interactions and exchanges with the host society).