IntroductionDiscordance of various aspects of sexual orientation has been mostly studied in young adults or in small samples of heterosexual men. Studies focusing on concordance and discordance of aspects of sexual orientation in representative samples of middle-aged men including homosexual men are scarce.AimTo investigate concordant and discordant sexual behavior in 45-year-old German men with a special focus on homosexual identified men.MethodsData for this cross-sectional study were collected within the German Male Sex-Study. Participants were 45-year-old Caucasian males from the general population. Men self-reported on sexual identity, sexual experience, and current sexual behavior. Associations between sexual identity, experience, and behavior were analyzed using the chi-square test.Main Outcome MeasureAssociations of sexual identity with sexual experience and behavior in a community-based sample of men, and discordance of sexual identity and behavior especially in the subgroup of homosexual men.Results12,354 men were included in the study. 95.1% (n = 11.749) self-identified as heterosexual, 3.8% (n = 471) as homosexual, and 1.1% (n = 134) as bisexual. Sexual identity was significantly associated with sexual experience and behavior. 85.5% of all men had recently been sexually active, but prevalence of sexual practices varied. In hetero- and bisexuals, vaginal intercourse was the most common sexual practice, whereas oral sex was the most common in homosexuals. A discordance of sexual identity was especially found in homosexual men: 5.5% of homosexuals only had sexual experiences with women, and 10.3% of homosexuals recently had vaginal intercourse. In this latter subgroup, only one-quarter ever had sexual experience with a man, and three-quarters had only engaged in sexual activity with a woman.ConclusionSexual identity is associated with differences in sexual experience and behavior in German middle-aged men. A considerable proportion of homosexual identified men live a heterosexual life.Goethe VE, Angerer H, Dinkel A, et al. Concordance and Discordance of Sexual Identity, Sexual Experience, and Current Sexual Behavior in 45-Year-Old-Men: Results From the German Male Sex-Study. Sex Med 201;6:282–290.
Background: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common public health issue with a significant impact on quality of life. The associations between ED and several risk factors have been reported previously. The continuously increasing incidence of these factors is contributing to the increasing prevalence of ED. Aim: To assess ED prevalence and severity in a representative sample of 45-year-old German men and to analyze the association with risk factors (lifestyle risk factors/comorbidities). Methods: Data were collected within the German Male Sex-Study. Randomly selected 45-year-old men were invited. A total of 10,135 Caucasian, heterosexual, sexually active men were included in this analysis. The selfreported prevalence of ED was assessed using the Erectile Function domain of the International Index of Erectile Function. Risk factors for ED were ascertained using self-report questionnaires. An anamnesis interview and a short physical examination were performed. Main Outcome Measure: ED prevalence and severity were evaluated in a cross-sectional design. The associations of ED with comorbidities (eg, depression, diabetes, hypertension, lower urinary tract symptoms) and lifestyle factors (ie, smoking, obesity, central obesity, physical inactivity, and poor self-perceived health-status) were analyzed by logistic regression. Results: The overall prevalence of ED was 25.2% (severe, 3.1%; moderate, 9.2%; mild to moderate, 4.2%; mild, 8.7%). Among the men with ED, 48.8% had moderate or severe symptoms. ED prevalence increased with the number of risk factors, to as high as 68.7% in men with 5e8 risk factors. In multiple logistic regression with backward elimination, the strongest associations with ED were found for depression (odds ratio [OR] ¼ 1.87), poor self-perceived health status (OR ¼ 1.72), lower urinary tract symptoms (OR ¼ 1.68), and diabetes (OR ¼ 1.38). Conclusion: One out of 4 men already had symptoms of ED at age 45. Almost one-half of the men with ED had moderate to severe symptoms. ED was strongly associated with each analyzed risk factor, and the prevalence and severity of ED increased with an increasing number of risk factors. Hallanzy J, Kron M, Goethe VE, et al. Erectile Dysfunction in 45-Year-Old Heterosexual German Men and Associated Lifestyle Risk Factors and Comorbidities: Results From the German Male Sex Study. Sex Med 2019;7:26e34.
Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Die durch ein Prostatakarzinom (PCa) verursachte psychosoziale Belastung kann bei Patienten noch Jahre nach erfolgter Therapie persistieren. Ein möglicher Faktor ist dabei die subjektiv wahrgenommene Krankheitsursache, die das Belastungserleben, die Therapie und das weitere Präventivverhalten maßgeblich beeinflussen kann. Ziel der Studie war deswegen, von Patienten geäußerte subjektive Gründe für das PCa zu erfassen und assoziierte Faktoren zu untersuchen. Material und Methoden Eingeschlossen wurden an PCa erkrankte Patienten aus dem nationalen Forschungsprojekt „Familiäres Prostatakarzinom“. Im Rahmen der jährlichen Nachbefragung, die postalisch erfolgt, wurde den Patienten eine Frage zu den subjektiv wahrgenommenen Krankheitsursachen für ihr Prostatakarzinom gestellt. Die Antworten wurden 18 möglichen Kategorien zugeordnet. Zudem wurde der Zusammenhang der subjektiv wahrgenommenen Krankheitsursache mit Zweittumoren, einer positiven Familienanamnese für Tumorerkrankungen und soziodemografischen Faktoren untersucht. Ergebnisse Von den 9 047 befragten Männern machten 4 054 (44,8 %) Angaben zu den subjektiv wahrgenommenen Ursachen für ihr PCa. Die mittlere Zeit seit Diagnose lag bei 10,1 Jahren bei einem mittleren Alter bei Diagnose von 63,1 Jahren. Die häufigsten Antworten waren „Weiß nicht.“ (31,8 %), Genetik (30,1 %) und Stress (18,5 %). Mit 2,5 % wurde das Alter, der wichtigste Risikofaktor für PCa, nur selten genannt. Neben diesen Antworten wurden auch ungewöhnliche nicht evidenzbasierte Gründe angegeben. Männer mit einer positiven Familienanamnese für PCa nannten gegenüber sporadischen Fällen etwa 4-mal häufiger Genetik als Ursache für ihre Erkrankung. Dieser Anteil nahm mit steigender Anzahl an von PCa betroffenen Familienmitgliedern weiter zu. Männer, die bei Diagnose 65 Jahre oder jünger waren, gaben etwa doppelt so häufig Stress als den Auslöser ihres PCa an als Männer, die bei Diagnose älter als 65 Jahre waren. Schlussfolgerung Die meisten befragten Männer gaben nicht evidenzbasierte Gründe als ursächlich für ihr Prostatakarzinom an. Hier mangelt es offensichtlich noch an Aufklärung, sodass Vorsorgeprogramme gezielt und öffentlichkeitswirksam auf die evidenzbasierten Ursachen eingehen sollten. Aufgrund der Bedeutung der subjektiven Krankheitstheorie für das Belastungserleben und die weitere Behandlung sollte die subjektive Krankheitsursache des Patienten vom behandelnden Urologen erhoben und berücksichtigt werden.
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