Background: Physical Activity and Sport (PAS) interventions can reduce the social and economic burden of noncommunicable diseases and improve the wellbeing of the population. Social return on investment (SROI) has the capacity to measure broader socio-economic outcomes in a singular monetary ratio to help identify the most impactful and cost-beneficial intervention. This review aimed to systematically identify and review studies using the SROI method within the field of PAS and assess their quality. Methods: Peer-reviewed and grey literature SROI studies were identified through a systematic search of six databases. Two reviewers independently assessed the identified studies to determine eligibility. Study quality was assessed using the Krelv et al. 12-point framework. For each included study, information was extracted and classified into summary tables. Extracted information included study and participant characteristics, type of outcomes and SROI ratio. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. Results: Seventeen studies published between 2010 and 2018 met the inclusion criteria. Most studies (94%) were non-peer reviewed publicly available reports, primarily conducted in the UK (76%), by private consulting firms (41%) and included all types of stakeholders (76%). PAS interventions included Primary prevention (47%), Sport for development (29%), Secondary and tertiary prevention (18%) and High-performance sport (6%). SROI ratios, which report the social value created in relation to the cost of an intervention, vary between 3:1 and 124:1 for the highquality studies. Conclusions: The SROI framework can be a useful tool to inform policy-making relating to PAS investment as it can account for the wide societal benefits of PAS. The quality of studies in the field would benefit from the employment of an impact map (or logic model), reporting negative outcomes and using objective study designs. The application of the SROI method in the PAS field is relatively recent, and thus further research would be beneficial to promote its potential for policy-making bodies in the field.

Background Less than half of Canadian children meet the Canadian Physical Activity (PA) Guidelines, and the proportion is even lower among children living in underprivileged neighbourhoods. Regular PA supports physical, cognitive, and psychological/social health among school-aged children. Successful implementation of school-based daily physical activity (DPA) programs is therefore important for all children and crucial for children who attend schools in lower socioeconomic settings. The purpose of this study is to uncover what worked, for whom, how, and why during the three-year implementation period of a new “flexible” DPA program, while paying particular attention to the socioeconomic setting of the participating schools. Methods This study is a realist evaluation using mixed methods for data generation. Longitudinal data were collected in 415 schools once a year during the three-year implementation period of the program using questionnaires. Data analysis was completed in three steps and included qualitative thematic analysis using a mixed inductive and deductive method and chi-square tests to test and refine context-mechanism-outcome (CMO) configurations. Results Giving the school teams autonomy in the choice of strategies appropriate to their context have allowed schools to take ownership of program implementation by activating a community empowerment process, which resulted in a cultural shift towards a sustainable DPA provision in most settings. In rural underprivileged settings, the mobilization of local resources seems to have successfully created the conditions necessary for implementing and maintaining changes in practice. In disadvantaged urban settings, implementing local leadership structures (leader, committee, and meetings) provided pivotal assistance to members of the school teams in providing new DPA opportunities. However, without continued external funding, those schools seem unable to support local leadership structures on their own, jeopardizing the sustainability of the program for children living in disadvantaged urban areas. Conclusion By exploring CMO configurations, we have been able to better understand what worked, for whom, how and why during the three-year implementation period of the Active at School! program. When implementing DPA policies, decision makers should consider adjusting resource allocations to meet the actual needs of schools from different backgrounds to promote equal PA opportunities for all children.

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Quebec’s forests represent 20% of Canadian forests and 2% of the world forests. Over the entire planet, forests play a major role in habitat preservation and in supplying goods and services to the population. However, climate change will have an impact on the forest through inter alia increased droughts, forest fires, warmer weather, and infestations. In this paper, we analyze the economic impact of climate change on the forest industry in Quebec over a 40-year period using a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model. We find that the climate change effects will be relatively weak on most macroeconomic variables as agents adjust their behavior over time and factors are reallocated across sectors. We find that climate change could generate losses in gross domestic product of up to Can$300 million (0.12% of gross domestic product) at the end of a 40-year period for Quebec’s economy. However, we find relatively more important effects within the sectors of the forest industry, with losses ranging from 3% to 7.5%.