• Challenges are to improve the prenatal diagnosis of EA and associated malformations. • fMRI is able to diagnose EA through demonstration of the pouch sign. • Tracheal bowing is a promising indirect sign of EA. • Tracheoesophageal fistula can also be suspected thanks to fMRI. • Obstetrical US, fMRI and fetal CT are complementary for assessing associated malformations.

Presence of cortical hyperechogenicity, cystic changes or bilateral reflux cannot be considered prognostic of renal failure by the age of 3 years.