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The caffeoylquinic acids content of up to 6.22% in Geigeria alata roots establishes this species as a new source rich in these bioactive molecules. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Asteraceae species Tanacetum balsamita L. (costmary) is renowned for its traditional usage as an aromatic, carminative and tonic plant. This work aimed at in-depth study of the phytochemical and in vitro biological profilings of methanol–aqueous extracts from the costmary leaves, flower heads and roots. An UHPLC-HRMS analysis revealed more than 100 secondary metabolites including 24 acylquinic acids, 43 flavonoid glycosides, aglycones and methoxylated derivatives together with 15 phenolic acids glycosides. For the first time, 91 compounds are reported in the costmary. The flower heads extract possessing the highest content of total phenolics and flavonoids, actively scavenged DPPH (84.54 ± 3.35 mgTE/g) and ABTS radicals (96.35 ± 2.22 mgTE/g), and showed the highest reducing potential (151.20 and 93.22 mg TE/g for CUPRAC and FRAP, respectively). The leaves extract exhibited the highest inhibition towards acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (2.11 and 2.43 mg GALAE/g, respectively) and tyrosinase (54.65 mg KAE/g). The root extract inhibited α-glucosidase (0.71 ± 0.07 mmol ACAE/g), α-amylase (0.43 ± 0.02 mmol ACAE/g) and lipase (8.15 ± 1.00 mg OE/g). At a concentration >2 µg/mL, a significant dose dependent reduction of cell viability towards THP-1 monocyte leukemic cells was observed. Costmary could be recommended for raw material production with antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties.

Glucuronide Oleanane-type Triterpenoid Carboxylic Acid 3, 28-Bidesmosides (GOTCAB) saponins are bioactive natural compounds spread in Caryophyllidae. The high complexity of GOTCAB occurring as closely related isobaric and positional isomers is a challenge in their separation and identification. A new liquid chromatography - high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry acquisition strategy would be important for the structural elucidation of GOTCAB in plant extracts. In this study, the fragmentation behaviors of GOTCAB from methanol-aqueous root extract of Gypsophila glomerata Pall ex M. B. (Caryophyllaceae) were investigated using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). A new saponin was isolated and its structure was established by 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopic experiments as 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl gypsogenin 28-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)]-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fucopyranosyl ester. On the basis of the accurate mass measurements, fragmentation patterns in MS/MS analyses and comparison with previously isolated authentic references, a total of 41 GOTCAB saponins were identified or tentatively elucidated in G. glomerata roots, including 14 pairs of isobars. Possible fragmentation pathways for three groups of GOTCAB are suggested. The group I appeared to be GOTCAB of gypsogenin with two carbohydrate chains: a branched trisaccharide at C-3 and tri- to hexa-saccharide attached to C-28 of the aglycone through a deoxyhexose residue. Saponins with monoacetylated (group II) or sulphated (group III) C-28 chain were evidenced, as well as quillaic and oleanolic acid GOTCAB. Sixteen GOTCAB were previously not described. The content of Gypsophila prosaponins, gypsogenin 3-O-glucuronide (7.4079 ± 0.0723 mg/g dry weight, dw) and quillaic acid 3-O-glucuronide (4.4593 ± 0.1207 mg/g dw), was determined by solid phase extraction - high-performance liquid chromatography (SPE-HPLC). In this study is presented the first systematic investigation on the fragmentation patterns and diagnostic fingerprints of the fragment ions in the MS/MS spectra of the gypsogenin -, quillaic acid - and oleanolic acid - bidesmosides. A LC-HRMS Orbitrap acquisition strategy could give an insight in the GOTCAB containing taxa.