The state of prehypertension that is often neglected in young adults is not inferior to hypertension in contributing to a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. Several simple anthropometric indices may be used as prehypertension prognostic tools, including Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Shape Index (ABSI), Waist Circumference (WC), Weight to Height Ratio (WHtr), and Body Roundness Index (BRI). This study aimed to compare several anthropometric examinations for detecting prehypertension in male medical students. The cross-sectional study design was conducted on 107 male medical students. Direct measurements of the respondents were carried out with blood pressure data collection and anthropometric examination. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AROC) analysis with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to assess all anthropometric measures’ discriminatory power to assess the risk of prehypertension in the participants. Participants with prehypertension were relatively older and had less active physical activity than normotensive (p<0.05). The mean BMI, BRI, WC, and WHtR were significantly higher in the prehypertensive group than in the normotensive group. However, ABSI was not showing any relationship with blood pressure. The process with 95% CI of blood pressure classification related to anthropometric measures indicates that BMI showed the highest AROC values for the prehypertensive state (AROC: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.63–0.82), and WC had the lowest AROCs (AROC: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.52–0.63). BMI, BRI, WC, and WHtr may be applied as prognostic assessments for prehypertension states in young adult males.
Latar belakang: Sejak tahun 1990 hingga 2021, Indonesia mengalami peningkatan konsumsi kopi sekitar 302,57%. Peningkatan asupan kafein ini sering kali tidak diikuti dengan pengetahuan yang baik terkait efek konsumsi kafein, baik risiko dan manfaatnya. Konsumsi kafein dapat memberikan manfaat seperti meningkatkan mood, memperbaiki konsentrasi, meningkatkan performa aktivitas fisik, menangkal radikal bebas, dan menurunkan berat badan. Risiko dari konsumsi kopi dapat berpotensi mengalami nyeri kepala, dispepsia, diuresis, ansietas, dan kualitas tidur yang buruk.Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan tingkat pengetahuan efek konsumsi kafein dengan asupan kafein pada mahasiswa tahap akademik Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. Metode: Penelitian analisis observasional dengan desain potong lintang yang meliputi 155 mahasiswa tahap akademik di FKIK Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya angkatan 2018-2020. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini diambil dengan metode proportional random sampling (sampel acak proporsional). Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Oktober 2021. Data penelitian diperoleh melalui kuesioner yang sudah divalidasi dan dibagikan secara dalam jaringan (online). Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji Chi-square. Hasil: Dari 155 responden yang berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini, sebanyak 60,65% memiliki pengetahuan yang baik terkait risiko dan manfaat kafein. Prevalensi konsumsi kafein pada Mahasiswa tahap akademik cukup tinggi (82,58%) namun rata-rata tingkat konsumsinya masih dalam batas aman (55,60mg/ hari, SD = 47,89mg). Sumber kafein utama yang paling banyak dikonsumsi adalah kopi, dan minuman berenergi menempati posisi yang paling rendah. Hubungan yang signifikan antara tingkat pengetahuan dengan asupan kafein harian dengan dibuktikan oleh analisis bivariat Chi-square (p =0,005). Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan dan manfaat konsumsi kafein dengan asupan kafein harian pada Mahasiswa tahap akademik Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.Kata Kunci : Dewasa muda; Konsumsi kafein; Mahasiswa; Risiko dan manfaat; Tingkat pengetahuan.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN DISHAGIA AND ALTERED LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS WITH ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA IN STROKE PATIENTS AT ATMA JAYA HOSPITALABSTRACTIntroduction: Approximately 40-96% of stroke patients will develop complications; the most frequent is pneumonia (33%). This is due to the underlying clinical manifestation of stroke such as dysphagia, immobilization, altered level of consciousness, and immune suppression which increases the risk of aspiration, therefore increases the risk for aspiration pneumonia. Early detection of aspiration pneumonia and its risk factors in stroke patients are essential, but the number of researches regarding this in Indonesia is still limited.Aims: To study the correlation between dysphagia and altered level of consciousness in stroke patients with aspiration pneumonia in Atma Jaya Hospital, Jakarta.Methods: This is a retrospective cohort research with a cross sectional approach towards 263 stroke patients in Atma Jaya Hospital, February 2016 until October 2017. Data was taken from the stroke registry and medical records, and analized with Chi-square test (α=0.05).Results: The incidence for aspiration pneumonia was 16% in the study population, most of which being male (57.8%), age <65 years old (79.5%), and length of education <9 years (71.5%). Age >65, dysphagia and altered level of consciousness were statistically significant with Odds ratio (OR) 2.26, 3.92, and 8.67, respectively.Discussion: Male, age <65 years old, and length of education <9 years were correlated with poor daily life habits which increases the risk of getting a stroke. Age >65 years old, dysphagia and altered level of consciousness can disturb the coordination and swallowing reflex which makes patients more vulnerable to aspiration and develop aspiration pneumonia.Keywords: Altered level of consciousness, aspiration pneumonia, dysphagia, strokeABSTRAKPendahuluan: Sebanyak 40-96% pasien stroke akan mengalami komplikasi, terutama pneumonia (33%). Hal ini dimungkinkan oleh adanya kecenderungan disfagia, imobilitas, penurunan kesadaran, dan supresi imunitas yang mempermudah terjadinya aspirasi hingga terjadi pneumonia aspirasi. Deteksi awal faktor risiko pneumonia aspirasi pada pasien stroke sangat penting, namun penelitiannya masih terbatas di Indonesia.Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara disfagia dan penurunan kesadaran terhadap kejadian pneumonia aspirasi pada pasien stroke di RS Atma Jaya, Jakarta.Metode: Penelitian kohort retrospektif dengan pendekatan potong lintang terhadap 263 pasien stroke di RS Atma Jaya. Penelitian dilakukan mulai Februari 2016-Oktober 2017. Data diperoleh melalui data register stroke dan rekam medis. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan uji Chi-square dengan nilai α=0,05.Hasil: Insiden pneumonia aspirasi pada pasien stroke adalah 16%. Didapatkan mayoritas populasi laki-laki (57,8%) berusia <65 tahun (79,5%), dan berpendidikan <9 tahun (71,5%). Usia >65 tahun, disfagia, dan penurunan kesadaran memiliki hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik terhadap kejadian pneumonia aspirasi dengan rasio Odds (RO) 2,26, 3,92, dan 8,67 kali lipat.Diskusi: Laki-laki, usia <65 tahun, dan pendidikan <9 tahun berkaitan dengan pola kesehatan hidup buruk yang meningkatkan faktor risiko terjadinya stroke. Usia >65 tahun, disfagia, dan penurunan kesadaran dapat mengganggu koordinasi dan refleks menelan, sehingga pasien stroke lebih rentan terjadi aspirasi dan mengalami pneumonia aspirasi.Kata kunci: Disfagia, penurunan kesadaran, pneumonia aspirasi, stroke
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