Fluid distribution systems and hydropower plants can be severely damaged by water hammer, a forceful slam, bang, or shudder caused by a sudden change in fluid pressure within the system. Water hammer can be mitigated by designing and operating these systems to minimize sudden changes in water velocity, which lie at the root of water hammer problems. WHAMO 3.0, a modeling and simulation application for desktop computers, was specifically developed for this purpose. WHAMO provides dynamic simulation of fluid distribution systems and hydropower plants. It calculates the time-varying flow and head in networks comprised of pipes, valves, pumps, tanks, and turbomachines. WHAMO Version 3.0 is a major upgrade that implements a graphical user interface for operation under Microsoft Windows 95. This report gives procedures and examples for the use of the WHAMO program, and includes a complete command reference plus documentation of the algorithms upon which WHAMO is based.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the long-term performance of various coatings on steel piles in seawater and to investigate non-destructive electrochemical corrosion testing techniques for coating evaluation in the field. Steel H piles which were 20.3 cm x 20.3 cm and 12.2 m long were installed in Buzzards Bay, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The piles were coated with various coatings such as coal tar epoxy, polyurethane, flame sprayed zinc and aluminum. Several of the piles were left uncoated for baseline comparison. Sacrificial cathodic protection was provided by anodes to some of the bare and coated steel pilings. Corrosion rate measurements using electrochemical polarization resistance and Tafel plots were conducted periodically in the field during the twenty year study. The results of the Cape Cod, MA, corrosion study were compared with a similar study conducted at the La Costa Island, FL. The long-term coating evaluation showed that flame sprayed aluminum with a topcoat sealer performed best at the cooler temperatures in Massachusetts and polyester glass flake was the best performer in Florida. Coal tar epoxy coatings with zinc-rich primers performed well at both of the locations.

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