Substance-use problems affect not just the residents in the treatment facility but the whole family system. The present study considered the family members of the residents in treatment and rehabilitation as the respondents of the study. Specifically, the study looked into the family functioning, personality type, and codependency. Codependency was measured in terms of self-sacrifice, reactivity, and external focus. Problem-solving skills, goal setting, and communication skills were used as measures of family functioning. Moreover, personality type was measured in terms of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. There were 302 respondents in the study from different public and private treatment and rehabilitation facilities in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The result shows that problem-solving skills predict self-sacrifice with 13.6% of variance accounted for. In addition, higher level of neuroticism predicts low level of reactivity or willingness to solve their family problems and that goal setting predicts external focus. The study implies that one's perceived ability to solve family problems increases the likelihood to be selfless in handling family problems. Furthermore, worry and anxiety decreases the willingness to help family members but the goal of making their family members happy contributes to their desire to respond and prioritize their family's needs. The study strengthens and affirms the collectivistic culture and strong family ties of Filipinos.

Some people have better psychological wellbeing than others; thus, they are more functioning individuals. On the other hand, working students are confronted with a variety of challenges that may affect their psychological wellbeing. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship of social support and spirituality to the psychological wellbeing of working students. This descriptive-correlational research utilized 302 conveniently sampled college working students from three sectarian institutions in Luzon, Philippines. An expert-validated four-part questionnaire was used to gather data. Data were analyzed using Predictive Analysis Software (PASW). Based on the findings, the respondents had a low social support yet, they were highly spiritual. They also had a moderately high psychological wellbeing. Social support and spirituality were significantly related to all the dimensions of the psychological wellbeing of the respondents. On the other hand, there was no significant difference on all the dimensions of psychological wellbeing when age, sex, and length of stay were considered. Moreover, dormitory dean’s support was a significant predictor of the respondents’ psychological well-being in terms of self-acceptance, purpose in life, environmental mastery, and positive relations with others while support from friends/peers was a significant predictor of the respondents’ psychological wellbeing in terms of purpose in life. Finally, spirituality was a significant predictor of the respondents’ psychological wellbeing in terms of self-acceptance, personal growth, purpose in life, environmental mastery, autonomy, and positive relations with others regardless of age, sex, and length of stay. It is recommended that a replicate study be done among non-working students and/or non-sectarian institutions.

INTRODUCTION: The quality of Higher Education in Africa, particularly in East Africa, is currently undergoing a transformation due to massive expansion, which has implications for all aspects of the financial performance sector.  What makes the growth of education in Africa so unique is that it has witnessed a wave of growth whose consequences range from quality to financing, from governance to employment.  Ironically, despite this massive growth, the system remains the least in the world due to financial difficulties.  This study aims to determine the mediating effects of intellectual capital on quality higher education and financial wellness. METHOD:  It is a quantitative research that made used of descriptive-correlation design with 403 respondent institutions from public and private HEIs in the East Africa Community.  Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.  RESUTLS: Results show that: quality of higher and intellectual capital were perceived to be high; the level of financial wellness was fair, and intellectual capital partially mediated the relationship of quality higher education and financial wellness.  DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION: The direct effect of quality higher education on financial wellness is 0.613 at p-value 0.05 and its indirect effect, which is the mediation effect of intellectual capital, is 0.266 (0.378 * 0.703).  The total effect of quality higher education on financial wellness when mediated by intellectual capital is 0.879 (0.613+0.266).  Higher Education Institutions need to create a system that will ensure the regular assessment of the quality of education that they offer and their intellectual capital to increase capital wellness.