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a self-limited one and the experi-"> mental therapy hazardous. Without knowledge of the relative efficacytoxicity ratio, it would have been more appropriate to assign half the patients to a placebo group at ran¬ dom. Then all of the patients would not have been mistreated if the ther-» apy was found to be more hazardous than helpful, still a likely situation. Conversely, such a procedure en¬ sures that all of the patients will be treated correctly if there is no dif¬ ference between treated and control groups, and that half will be treated correctly if there is a difference.