This study aimed to evaluate how the surrounding vegetation affects the assemblage of fruit flies. For this, flies were collected in guava orchards with distinct types of surrounding vegetation (exotic pasture, native forest and fruit tree intercropping). The experiment was conducted in Itaporã and Dourados, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Weekly samples were collected from March to April 2015. McPhail traps were baited with 5% hydrolyzed corn protein. Species richness, diversity index and abundance were evaluated for each orchard, as well as the species composition of fruit fly between the environments surrounding the orchard and, finally, the sex ratio. A total of 579 individuals were collected of the species Anastrepha fraterculus, A. montei, A. obliqua, A. sororcula, A. striata, A. turpiniae and A. zenildae. The orchard surrounded by native forest had the highest species richness and Shannon diversity. The species composition differed between environments, with the formation of three distinct groups. The environment surrounding the guava orchard influences the richness, diversity, abundance and sex ratio of fruit flies, indicating that the native forest may provide more resources for the maintenance of these insects.

The Quaternary glaciations affected the evolution and current distribution of taxa in southern Chile, including the emblematic and endemic genus Ceroglossus Solier. This genus of ground beetles has fascinated a great number of entomologists due to their conspicuous colour patterns, but despite this attention their taxonomy has remained controversial, with a large amount of taxa described based on unclear or variable morphological characters. In this work, we carry out a phylogenetic analysis of the 10 described species of Ceroglossus, based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers, and perform a species delimitation analysis using different algorithms, to clarify the backbone of their evolutionary tree and to lay the basis for a comprehensive and integrative taxonomic revision of this genus. Our results show that Ceroglossus is divided in five main lineages, composed of 13 putative phylogenetic species. The five lineages diverged before the Quaternary, while the divergence of the species within each lineage occurred during the glaciations and followed a parallel pattern among the different lineages. Additionally, we carry out an evolutionary interpretation of the revised available chromosomal data to shed light on the mechanisms that promoted their diversification.