Purpose: The Peruvian hake (Merluccius gayi peruanus) stock has been in a delicate state in the last decades due to overexploitation combined with adverse climatic events. The stock is showing certain signs of recovery since 2012. This work analyses the environmental impacts of current fleet operations and its likely trend. Methods: The fleet was divided into coherent segments, per holding capacity and engine power. The validity of both segmentations, as well as the presence of an effect of economies of scale driving fuel use intensity (FUI), was tested. Life cycle assessment was used to calculate environmental impacts, per individual sampled vessel and per segment, complemented with indicators of energy efficiency and biotic resource depletion. Results and discussion: The fleet is highly fuel-efficient (120 kg fuel per tonne fish) when compared with other reported values, despite a large overcapacity that increases the impact of the construction and maintenance phases. Significant inter-annual FUI variations were observed (80.0 kg t−1 in 2008 to 210.3 kg t−1 in 2006), but no clear trend. Neither significant differences in FUI among fleet segments nor a clear effect of economies of scale were found (but FUI analysis was based on a small sample of 32 values for nine vessels, two of which had data for a single year). Only the largest vessels, featuring 242 m3 holding capacity and 850 hp engine power, were found to have lower FUI than any of the other vessels, but no statistical test could be applied to validate this difference. Differences in environmental impacts of individual vessels are mostly dominated by their relative FUI. Fuel use and, to a lower extent, maintenance are the main sources of environmental impacts. The most contributing impacts to ReCiPe single score are climate change, human toxicity and fossil depletion. The fishery's impacts on the biotic natural resource were orders of magnitude higher than many other global hake stocks, due to overexploitation. Conclusions: The environmental impacts of the national hake fleet are relatively low during the study period, despite an overcapacity of the fleet. With the perspective of expanding its operations and obtaining better yields on the eventuality that the stock fully recovers, these impacts should decrease. More research based on additional FUI data is necessary to effectively compare the performance of these vessels with larger ones (featuring >180 m3 and >500 hp, of which nine existed in 2016) before possibly recommending their preferential use. (Résumé d'auteur

Abstract.-The Southeastern Pacific Ocean is characterized by a large diversity of marine living resources with a high demand in world markets. Deep-water species such as the Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides are among the most important marine resources in this region. Peru has a Patagonian toothfish fishery dating back 15 years, with relevant international markets for exportation. However, similar that others countries in the region, Peru has poor scientific data for stock assessment of this species. Furthermore, the current monitoring program of this fishery does not provide an adequate control of onboard catches, which might influence even more the real values of landings. It is urgent the development of comprehensive research programs that promote population studies on this resource and the sustainability of its fishery. For instance, this can be reached by integrating international efforts for exploring the ocean's diversity in deep regions and promoting the study and assessment of potential new marine resources. The permanent exploitation of this long-lived and slow-growing marine species without further research and strict fishing control could jeopardize, in the medium and long term, not only its fishery but the availability of this marine resource in Peruvian waters. Key words: Patagonian toothfish, Dissostichus eleginoides, fishery, PeruResumen.-El Pacífico Oriental Sur se caracteriza por tener una importante diversidad de recursos marinos de muy alta demanda comercial en el mundo. Especies de aguas profundas como el Bacalao de Profundidad Dissostichus eleginoides están entre los recursos importantes en varios países de esta región. Perú tiene una pesquería para este recurso desde hace más de 15 años con importantes mercados para la exportación; sin embargo, al igual que otros países de la región, aún resulta incompleta la información científica para evaluar el real estado poblacional de esta especie. Asimismo, la actual normativa pesquera no tiene suficiente alcance para controlar y monitorear las capturas y desembarques de esta pesquería de forma eficiente. Urge el fortalecimiento de programas integrales de investigación que impulsen los estudios poblacionales sobre este recurso y la sostenibilidad de su pesquería, contextualizando dicho esfuerzo en el marco de iniciativas internacionales para la exploración tanto de la diversidad en regiones profundas del océano como en la evaluación de recursos potenciales. La explotación pesquera permanente sobre esta especie de lento crecimiento y baja tasa de reprodución, sin un adecuado marco de investigación y control, puede poner en riesgo a mediano y a largo plazo, no sólo la actividad pesquera misma, sino también, la disponibilidad de este recurso en aguas peruanas.

The Northern Humboldt Current System sustains one of the most productive fisheries in the world. However, climate change is anticipated to negatively affect fish production in this region over the next few decades, and detailed analyses for many fishery resources are unavailable. We implemented a trait-based Climate Vulnerability Assessment based on expert elicitation to estimate the relative vulnerability of 28 fishery resources (benthic, demersal, and pelagic) to the impacts of climate change by 2055; ten exposure factors (e.g., temperature, salinity, pH, chlorophyll) and 13 sensitivity attributes (biological and population-level traits) were used. Nearly 36% of the species assessed had “high” or “very high” vulnerability. Benthic species were ranked the most vulnerable (gastropod and bivalve species). The pelagic group was the second most vulnerable; the Pacific chub mackerel and the yellowfin tuna were amongst the most vulnerable pelagic species. The demersal group had the relatively lowest vulnerability. This study allowed identification of vulnerable fishery resources, research and monitoring priorities, and identification of the key exposure factors and sensitivity attributes which are driving that vulnerability. Our findings can help fishery managers incorporate climate change into harvest level and allocation decisions, and assist stakeholders plan for and adapt to a changing future.

Se evaluó y comparó el comportamiento del bentos (en un amplio espectro de tamaños: macrofauna, meiofauna metazoaria, foraminíferos y bacterias heterótrofas gigantes) durante la evolución de El Niño Costero 2017 (ENC 2017), en base al análisis de muestras replicadas de sedimento (mediante draga y multisacatestigo), parámetros geoquímicos y oceanográficos del fondo, en tres estaciones (33, 94 y 178 m) localizadas frente a Callao (12°S). A pesar del fuerte calentamiento superficial observado y la anómala descarga de los ríos, el impacto de ENC 2017 sobre la distribución del oxígeno disuelto (OD), tanto en la columna deagua como cerca al fondo, no fue significativo; de hecho, la profundidad de la oxiclina se mantuvo cerca de la superficie (por encima de los 20 m, a 15 mn). Similarmente, la geoquímica del sedimento no exhibió cambios estacionales inusuales, por ejemplo, en la concentración de sulfuros (H2 S, gradualmente más intenso con la profundidad). En la macrofauna (desde meses previos a ENC 2017), se observó un descenso progresivo en la abundancia del poliqueto espiónido Paraprionospio pinnata y, por el contrario, un aumento de Magelona phyllisae (en menor magnitud que P. pinnata). A diferencia de estos anélidos, tanto moluscos bivalvos del género Pitar como bacterias del género compuesto Candidatus Marithioploca fueron relativamente frecuentes (especialmente en las estaciones más someras). De igual forma, nemátodos de vida libre acompañantes de la macrofauna y particularmente integrantes de la meiofauna (e.g. Desmodora sp., Halalaimus sp., Dichromadora sp., Sabatieria sp.) fueron hallados recurrentemente durante todo el período de estudio. Los foraminíferos calcáreos dominaron en la mayor parte del estudio, en tanto que los foraminíferos de testa blanda (alogrómidos) y los aglutinados fueron importantes en los centímetros subsuperficiales y hacia la zona oceánica, respectivamente; esta comunidad no mostró mayores cambios en las tres estaciones estudiadas, aunque especies calcáreas como Bolivina seminuda y Buliminella tenuata tuvieron una mayor contribución en la estación intermedia (94 m). En contraste a otros eventos, la débil o inexistente profundización de la oxiclina frente a Callao durante ENC 2017, no perturbó las condiciones disóxicas habituales del bentos en la costa central peruana (e.g. OD < 0,1/0,5 mL.L-1). En este contexto, nuestro trabajo ilustra una respuesta poco conocida en relación con eventos El Niño, de acuerdo con su origen, evolución y alcance.