A periodontite é multifatorial e acomete tecidos circundantes dos dentes. Sua etiologia inclui microrganismos como Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia e Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Este trabalho objetivou discutir o papel de Porphyromonas gingivalis na periodontite crônica. Foram pesquisadas as bases eletrônicas PubMed, BIREME e SciELO, buscando aspectos históricos e estudos publicados entre 2000 e 2015, usando, em português e inglês, os descritores: “Periodontite Crônica”, “Porphyromonas gingivalis” e “Fatores de virulência”. Foram encontrados 205 artigos e 24 foram incluídos. Foram selecionados registros sobre doenças periodontais dos primórdios civilizatórios até os dias atuais. Sua prevalência na população mundial permanece alta e diversas pesquisas abordam a etiopatogenia da doença. P. gingivalis é capaz de induzir resposta humoral e celular nos indivíduos infectados. Estudos sobre seus mecanismos de escape e fatores de virulência relatam dano tecidual consequente à resposta imuno-inflamatória exacerbada do hospedeiro que pode evoluir para edentulismo. Estudos da resposta imune a P. gingivalis sugerem seu papel na perpetuação do estado inflamatório por interferir na produção de citocinas e em mecanismos de morte celular em tecidos do hospedeiro, resultando em destruição tecidual. Os conhecimentos atuais sobre mecanismos de infecção e fatores de virulência de P. gingivalis indicam seu papel como componente-chave na periodontite crônica.
Periodontal disease is multifactorial and it affects the tissues surrounding the teeth. Its etiology includes microrganisms as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. This work aimed to discuss the role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in chronic periodontitis. The electronic bases PubMed, BIREME and SciELO were used to search for historical aspects and studies published between 2000 and 2015, using the following descriptors in Portuguese and English: “Chronic periodontitis, Porphyromonas gingivalis” and “Virulence factors”. 205 articles were found and 24 were included. Records on periodontal diseases from the early civilization to the present day were found. Its prevalence in the world’s population remains high and several studies report the pathogenesis of the disease. P. gingivalis is able to induce humoral and cellular response in infected individuals. Studies on its escape mechanisms and virulence factors report tissue breakdown consequent to immuno-inflammatory exacerbated response in the host which may evolve into edentulism. Studies of the immune response to P. gingivalis suggest its role in perpetuation of the inflammatory state by interfering with cytokines production and cell death mechanisms in the host’s cells, resulting in tissue destruction. The current knowledge about mechanisms of infection and virulence factors of P. gingivalis indicate its role as a key component in chronic periodontitis.
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