resumen | El crecimiento urbano contemporáneo adopta patrones fragmentados y escasamente densos. El proceso se ha tomado como norma general dentro de un modelo de Estado neoliberal, que lejos de restringir la expansión de lo urbano por ocupación del espacio rural, lo fomenta desregulando el uso del suelo no urbanizable. La ratificación de la participación estatal en la construcción de este fenómeno requiere el análisis de las herramientas que lo posibilitan. Así, utilizar una metodología que incluya el examen y comparación de cuerpos normativos se hace ineludible para revelar el grado de colaboración administrativa que, por acción u omisión, sustenta la producción de espacio residencial. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio es corroborar la tendencia generalizada hacia la normativización de la ciudad difusa, que hoy se encuentra ampliamente respaldada en Chile, afianzado un estadio avanzado del proceso hacia el que España transita. palabras clave | expansión urbana, planificación urbana, relación campo-ciudad. abstract | Contemporary urban growth adopts fragmented and sparsely dense patterns. The process has been taken as a general rule within a neoliberal state model, which, far from restricting the expansion of the urban by occupation of the rural space, promotes it by deregulating the use of undeveloped land. The ratification of state participation in the construction of this phenomenon requires the analysis of the tools that make it possible. Thus, using a methodology that includes the examination and comparison of normative bodies becomes inescapable to reveal the degree of administrative collaboration that, by action or omission, supports the production of residential space. Therefore, the objective of this study is to corroborate the generalized tendency towards the normalization of the diffuse city, which today is widely supported in Chile, reinforcing an advanced stage of a process which Spain is beginning to experience. keywords | urban sprawl, urban planning, countryside-city relationship.

This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to gain further insight into the relationship between cortisol reactivity and chronic widespread pain in patients with fibromyalgia. The studies selected were those conducted in adults with fibromyalgia that were random controlled, non-controlled or observational. Studies were excluded if they examined diseases other than fibromyalgia or if they did not report on pain or cortisol. Twelve studies met inclusion criteria. Data were extracted into tabular format using predefined data fields by two reviewers and assessed for accuracy by a third reviewer. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. Data Synthesis: Of 263 studies identified, 12 were selected for our review and 10 were finally included as their methodological quality was good. In the meta-analysis, we calculated effect sizes of interventions on pain indicators and cortisol levels in patients with fibromyalgia. A small overall effect of all the interventions was observed on pain tolerance and pressure pain thresholds, yet this effect lacked significance (ES = 0.150; 95%CI 0.932–1.550; p > 0.05). Conclusions: While some effects of individual nonpharmacological therapeutic interventions were observed on both cortisol levels and measures of pain, our results suggest much further work is needed to elucidate the true relationship between chronic widespread pain and cortisol levels in patients with fibromyalgia.

The study aimed to ascertain the levels of older European people’s physical activity according to sociodemographic variables. The sample size was 7,893 citizens aged 65 and over from the European Union. The participants were classified as physically inactive, adequately active, or highly active, according to the World Health Organization. The total metabolic equivalents of task minutes per week were also calculated. In the results, 55.5% of older people were adequately active, and 43.8% were highly active, especially in the North and West. The average metabolic equivalents of task minutes per week was 1,313 metabolic equivalents of task minutes, with walking as the main activity, followed by moderate physical activity and vigorous activity. Male older people of a lower age from the North and West, with a higher level of education and less difficulty in paying bills, were more likely to be physically active. As a conclusion, only slightly more than half the population were adequately active. These sociodemographic inequalities show the necessity of implementing specific measures.

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