iNPn, EndoVac-0, iNPs and SI0 achieved greater irrigant penetration to WL. iNPn was able to collect a median volume of CS (4 mL) similar to that delivered by syringe irrigation (iNPp, SI0 and SI2). An adequate irrigant penetration into lateral canals could not be achieved by any of the systems.

Peripheral vascular failure with haematological and haemodynamic changes occurs after frostbite injuries. In order to study the effects of normovolemic haemodilution on the extent of digital necrosis, the paws of rabbits were haemodiluted and frozen to -15 degrees C. Dextran or gelatin was used as the plasma substitute in two groups and the rewarming after the cold injury was performed either at room temperature (22 degrees C) or with hot water baths (38 degrees C). The extent of necrosis was significantly less in the rabbits haemodiluted with dextran or gelatin and rewarmed in hot water baths.

No abstract