Aim Our current understanding of migratory strategies and the reasons for their high 27 variability along the phylogenetic tree remains relatively poor. Most of the hypotheses 28 relating to migration have been formulated for terrestrial taxa; classically, oceanic migrations 29 were considered as merely dispersive due to the scarcity of observations in the open ocean. 30We describe for the first time, the migration strategy of a small seabird, the Bulwer's petrel 31 (Bulweria bulwerii), and provide new insights into the ecology and evolution of long-distance 32 marine migrations. 33 Location Subtropical and tropical Atlantic Ocean. 34Methods Using cutting-edge geolocators, we examined the year-round distribution and at-sea 35 activity patterns of adult Bulwer's petrels sampled at 5 localities throughout its breeding 36 range in the Atlantic: the Azores, Salvages, Canary and Cape Verde archipelagos. We 37 assessed the migratory connectivity of the species and its habitat use at population and meta-38 population scales. 39Results Our results provide the first evidence of an oriented leapfrog migration in oceanic 40 seabirds. Ecological niche models based on breeding-season data effectively predicted that 41 subtropical waters of the South Atlantic would be the preferred habitat for the northern 42 populations of Bulwer's petrels during the non-breeding season. Habitat modelling also 43 highlighted similarities in distributions between the breeding and non-breeding periods for the 44 southern populations. Data on at-sea activity patterns suggested that birds from the northern 45 and southern populations behave differently during the breeding season, as well as in the 46 northern and southern non-breeding ranges during the non-breeding period. 47Main conclusions These results indicate that specific habitat preferences, presumably related 48 to differences in prey availability, explain the observed distributions and hence the pattern of 49 leapfrog migration described for Bulwer's petrel. Our study demonstrates the utility of 50Page 3 integrating diverse tracking data from multiple populations across international boundaries, 51 and habitat modelling, for identifying important areas common to many marine species in the 52 vast oceanic environments. 53 54 Keywords: Activity patterns, Bulweria bulwerii, Bulwer's petrel, capture-mark-recapture, 55 geolocator data, habitat modelling, Macaronesian seabirds, meta-population studies, oceanic 56 migrations. 57Page 4 INTRODUCTION 58Migration is an integral part of the annual life-cycle and life-history of many animal species. 59

Background This paper describes the experience of conducting a co‐researched project with people with learning disabilities in Madrid, Spain, during the COVID pandemic and lockdown. I discuss the advantages and limitations of working online and challenges encountered while coordinating and facilitating the research. Methods Our research project was on the impact of COVID on the lives of people with learning disabilities, which the eight co‐researchers chose. As part of my PhD, I offered my services as researcher to work together with persons with learning disabilities. Eight people took up my offer. We worked together from January 2021 to March 2022 virtually and I recorded this experience. I have written the paper, but as part of my co‐researcher agreement, I have shared my reflections and work with my co‐researchers, and we have co‐written a section to share our findings. Findings In this paper, I discuss the advantages and limitations of working online, challenges I encountered while coordinating and facilitating the research and the work together. Remote work enabled the group to work on a biweekly basis and with members from different parts of Madrid. It saved people time and effort getting around town, yet we had to introduce express times and spaces to socialise and create a working relationship that is less natural than during in‐person interactions and breaks. During our fieldwork, we found that the pandemic had spurred the access to digital devices and programmes, but people may still be reliant on their environment, carers or supporters to facilitate it. I included a section written with my co‐researchers, in which we reflect together on the experience of working online and how we reached out to their peers during our fieldwork. We identified limitations due to our online research methodology such as lack of owning a digital device, the difficulties having access to a private space from which to connect online and the joy of meeting other people to exchange experiences. Conclusion Human rights based participatory research can be done online. There are different ways of overcoming barriers to participation. However, there are people with no access to the internet or without digital skills that are being excluded and we must ensure that we reach out to them as well.

The concept of “urban forest” (UF) is gaining momentum in urban planning in the context of climate adaptation. Principles from the field of urban forestry are mainstreamed into urban planning, but little is known about effective tools for the successful implementation of new UFs. This article presents explorative research comparing how three cities (Almere, Madrid, and Boston) are dealing with the planning of a UF project, and their alignment with distinct organisational and typological interpretations of a UF. We employed a mixed-methods approach to gain insights into the main goals of the project, their organisational structure, and the employed planning process through the analysis of project documents and expert interviews. Our results point to an effective mainstreaming of environmental questions among stakeholders, but also indicate a poor development of objective criteria for the success of a UF. We note that municipal planners circumvented current internal rigidities and barriers by relying on intermediaries and local academia as providers of external knowledge, or by facilitating experiments. Finally, our results show that there may not be just one UF type to achieve the desired environmental and social goals and overcome implementation barriers. Conversely, each of the governance and organisational models behind the implementation of each type present collaborative and mainstreaming challenges. Therefore, we see an opportunity in further research examining processes and institutions towards the collaborative building of UFs that could bridge gaps between top-down and bottom-up approaches and activate different types of agencies.

Urban manufacturing and manufacturers play a vital role in delivering circular economy ambitions through processing materials, providing skills and technology for repair or reconditioning goods and the capacity to deliver innovative technology. The transdisciplinary approach of Cities of Making (CoM) puts forward three ways of addressing manufacturing, and by extension, circularity, within urban areas. Central to triangulate the facilitation of urban manufacturing are the perspectives of (1) material flows and technology, (2) spatial design (3) people and networks. The integration of the three pathways requires convergence while retaining the richness of the three perspectives. The challenge is to find a common language that provides a comparable, operative framework for exploring possible solutions. The CoM framework of integration followed three main principles: (1) reducing the complexity of information, (2) reducing the complexity of combinations of possible solutions, and (3), applying an accessible, applicable instrument for the solutions. The resulting pattern language is co-created in a transdisciplinary setting and is also an instrument for the transdisciplinary application. The low threshold accessible system of solutions allows actors from different disciplines to access patterns developed in the context of another discipline and laypeople who are affected or interested to co-create.

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