This study demonstrated that Moringa oleifera seed biomass (MOSB) has the potential to be used as a natural alternative in the removal of lead (Pd), cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu) from water which was justified by the level of toxicity, environmental unfriendliness, and costly nature of chemical coagulants presently used. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was used to identify the MOSB and functional groups present in the adsorption of metal ions. The maximum removal at pH 5, room temperature, and 0.8 g dosage was 90, 81.77, and 70% for Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cu(II), respectively. The order of biosorption preference was Pb(II)>Cd(II)>Cu(II) in single sorption and is in a consistent correlation between physiochemical properties of metal ions and selective biosorption of MOSB functional groups. The adsorption data fitted better to the Langmuir than the Freundlich models as the sorption capacities (qm) of MOSB for Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cu(II) were 6.19, 5.03, and 3.64 mg/g, respectively. The separation factor (RL) was within the range of 0–1 which showed that the Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cu(II) adsorption processes were favourable for M. oleifera adsorbent. The results showed that MOSB is an effective adsorbent in the removal of the studied heavy metals from contaminated water. In all these water-purifying properties of the moringa seed biomass, no deliberate attempt has been made to study the use of a ternary system of very toxic metals like Pb, Cd, and Cu knowing the anti-bacterial properties of the metal system. Similarly, the reproducibility, low cost, and no requirement of a power source make this an efficient process for obtaining potable water even in homes in rural settings.

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The assessment of the impact of road infrastructure in the developing countries using the Namibian case scenario was done based on the contemporary challenges of road use. This study employed a qualitative technique using a sample size of thirty (30) selected by the simple random sampling technique. The use of charts, tables and frequencies were done to explain certain trends in the study. A well-structured, valid and reliable questionnaire instrument was designed for the study based on the following research questions; what are the impacts of road transport on the Namibian environment and what are the possible measures that may be used to reduce environmental impact of road transport on the Namibian environment? Twenty five respondents (83%) agreed that road transfer has drastically improved development and 26 (87%) respondents also accepted that it can improve Namibian economy. Similarly, it has also improved communication and technology greatly according to 27 (90%) respondents. To add more credence to the impact of road transport on the economy, all the 30 (100%) of the respondents agreed that road transport aids mobility within Namibia while 27 (90%) respondents supported the opinion that road transport aids in job search, 3 (10%) disagreed. The result shows that car owners service are potential threats which can affect pollution levels as was supported by 97% to cause environmental pollution as well as 100% when combined with energy consumption. Similarly, all the respondents indicated the potential of increased accident rate from poor road safety. Felling of trees poses great danger (97% response) due to the degradation of the environment. Most respondents (77% and 83%) agreed that road transport can lead to land encroachment and loss of aesthetic and farming. This research has shown that eventually death rate may

What quality assessment is the general process of evaluating the physical, chemical and biological nature of a given water body. Some major water quality indicators are Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (Iyamaet al., 2017).Organic pollution and eutrophication indices can be used to quantify the level of water pollution (Liuet al., 2011). Six latent factors could be identified as water quality pollution indices which are; organic, nutrient, physico-chemical, weathering, soil leaching and toxic-anthropogenic (Simeonovetal., 2003).Research has shown that water quality sources are poorer in rivers than in reservoirs (Wang et al., 2009). Water pollution has become a dynamic challenge and threat to the human race and the environment for some time now (Bu et al., 2009). Determination of the pollution potential of the Woji Creek water using selected physico-chemical parameters is of essence due to the strategic position of this water body. The Woji Creek has experienced a lot of human activities due to the location near an industrial area known as the Trans-Amadi Industrial Layout. According to Anya, Ezekwe and Oyegun (Anya etal., 2017), Sand bag formation and bank erosion around the Cocaine Estate area is a potential threat to urban renewal. Human inputs lead to pollution of the Woji Creek water which poses adverse health risks (Duru et al., 2018). The different sources of water pollution can either be domestic, natural and industrial (Iyama etal., 2017). The levels of pollution of water bodies is quite high and pose greater risk to biodiversity.An effect of hydrocarbon pollution on the mullet species distribution along the Elechi Creek similar to the study river was relatively higher (Ekweozor, 1989). There are nine water quality parameters which could also be used to determine Water Quality Index of a water body (Iyama and Edori, 2014).