Stereotypes are associations between social groups and semantic attributes that are widely shared within societies. The spoken and written language of a society affords a unique way to measure the magnitude and prevalence of these widely shared collective representations. Here, we used word embeddings to systematically quantify gender stereotypes in language corpora that are unprecedented in size (65+ million words) and scope (child and adult conversations, books, movies, TV). Across corpora, gender stereotypes emerged consistently and robustly for both theoretically selected stereotypes (e.g., work–home) and comprehensive lists of more than 600 personality traits and more than 300 occupations. Despite underlying differences across language corpora (e.g., time periods, formats, age groups), results revealed the pervasiveness of gender stereotypes in every corpus. Using gender stereotypes as the focal issue, we unite 19th-century theories of collective representations and 21st-century evidence on implicit social cognition to understand the subtle yet persistent presence of collective representations in language.

Background & Aims Type I interferons (IFN) provide the first line of defense against invading pathogens but its mechanism of action is still not well understood. Using unbiased genome-wide siRNA screens, we recently identified IQ-motif containing GTPase activating protein 2 (IQGAP2), a tumor suppressor predominantly expressed in the liver, as a novel gene putatively required for IFN antiviral response against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Here we sought to characterize IQGAP2 role in IFN response. Methods We used transient siRNA knock-down strategy in hepatic cell lines highly permissive to JFH1 strain of HCV infection. Results We found that IQGAP2 acts downstream of IFN binding to its receptor, and independently of the JAK-STAT pathway, by physically interacting with RelA (also known as p65), a subunit of the NF-κB transcription factor. Interestingly, our data reveal a mechanism distinct from the well-characterised role of NF-κB in IFN production. Indeed, IFN alone was sufficient to stimulate NF-κB-dependent transcription in the absence of viral infection. Finally, both IQGAP2 and RelA were required for the induction by IFN of a subset of Interferon Stimulated Genes (ISG) with known antiviral properties. Conclusions Our data identify a novel function for IQGAP2 in IFN antiviral response in hepatoma cells. We demonstrate the involvement of IQGAP2 in regulating ISG induction by IFN in an NF-κB-dependent manner. The IQGAP2 pathway may provide new targets for antiviral strategies in the liver, and may have a wider therapeutic implication in other disease pathogeneses driven by NF-κB activation.

BackgroundDelayed wound closure is often used after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of both-bone forearm fractures to reduce the risk of skin necrosis and subsequent infection caused by excessive swelling. However, no studies we are aware of have evaluated factors associated with the use of delayed wound closure after ORIF.Questions/purposes(1) What proportion of patients undergo delayed wound closure after ORIF of adult both-bone forearm fractures? (2) What factors are associated with delayed wound closure?MethodsThe medical records of all patients who underwent ORIF with plate fixation for both-bone fractures by the adult orthopaedic trauma service at our institution were considered potentially eligible for analysis. Between January 2010 and April 2022, we treated 74 patients with ORIF for both-bone forearm fractures. Patients were excluded if they had fractures that were fixed more than 2 weeks from injury (six patients), if their fracture was treated with an intramedullary nail (one patient), or if the patient experienced compartment syndrome preoperatively (one patient). No patients with Gustilo-Anderson Type IIIB and C open fractures were included. Based on these criteria, 89% (66 of 74) of the patients were eligible. No further patients were excluded for loss of follow-up because the primary endpoint was the use of delayed wound closure, which was performed at the time of ORIF. However, one further patient was excluded for having bilateral forearm fractures to ensure that each patient had a single fracture for statistical analysis. Thus, 88% (65 of 74) of patients were included in the analysis. These patients were captured by an electronic medical record search of CPT code 25575. The mean ± SD age was 34 ± 15 years and mean BMI was 28 ± 7 kg/m2. The mean follow-up duration was 4 ± 5 months. The primary endpoint was the use of delayed wound closure, which was determined at the time of definitive fixation if tension-free closure could not be achieved. All surgeons used a volar Henry or modified Henry approach and a dorsal subcutaneous approach to the ulna for ORIF. Univariate logistic regression was used to identify which factors might be associated with delayed wound closure. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was then performed for male gender, open fractures, age, and BMI.ResultsTwenty percent (13 of 65) of patients underwent delayed wound closure, 18% (12 of 65) of which occurred in patients who had high-energy injuries and 14% (nine of 65) in patients who had open fractures. Being a man (adjusted odds ratio 9.9 [95% confidence interval 1 to 87]; p = 0.04) was independently associated with delayed wound closure, after adjusting for open fractures, age, and BMI.ConclusionOne of five patients had delayed wound closure after ORIF of both-bone forearm fractures. Being a man was independently associated with greater odds of delayed wound closure. Surgeons should counsel all patients with these fractures about the possibility of delayed wound closure, with particular attention to m...

Current epilepsy surgery planning protocol determines the seizure onset zone (SOZ) through resource-intensive, invasive monitoring of ictal events. Recently, we have reported that Granger Causality (GC) maps produced from analysis of interictal iEEG recordings have potential in revealing SOZ. In this study, we investigate GC maps’ network connectivity patterns to determine possible clinical correlation with patients’ SOZ and resection zone (RZ). While building understanding of interictal network topography and its relationship to the RZ/SOZ, we identify algorithmic tools with potential applications in epilepsy surgery planning. These graph algorithms are retrospectively tested on data from 25 patients and compared to the neurologist-determined SOZ and surgical RZ, viewed as sources of truth. Centrality algorithms yielded statistically significant RZ rank order sums for 16 of 24 patients with RZ data, representing an improvement from prior algorithms. While SOZ results remained largely the same, this study validates the applicability of graph algorithms to RZ/SOZ detection, opening the door to further exploration of iEEG datasets. Furthermore, this study offers previously inaccessible insights into the relationship between interictal brain connectivity patterns and epileptic brain networks, utilizing the overall topology of the graphs as well as data on edge weights and quantity of edges contained in GC maps.