IntroductionWe aimed to assess longitudinal changes in television (TV) food advertising during 2013 compared to 2007, measuring children's exposure to healthy and unhealthy advertisements, after the new European and Spanish Public Health laws published in 2011.Material and methodsTwo thematic channels for children (TC), and 2 generalist channels (GC) for all ages were recorded, between April and May 2013, on 2 week and 2 weekend days. Food advertisements were classified as core (CFA) (nutrient dense, low energy), non-core (NCFA) (unbalanced energy profile or high in energy), or others (OFA) (supermarkets and special food).ResultsOne thousand two hundred sixty-three food advertisements were recorded (TC: 579/GC: 684) in 2013. NCFA were the most shown (54.9%) in the regular full day TV programming (p < 0.001). In 2013, children watching GC had a higher relative risk of being exposed to fast food advertisements than when watching TC (RR = 2.133, 95% CI: 1.398–3.255); CFA were broadcast most frequently in 2013 (GC: 23.7%; and TC: 47.2%) vs. 2007 (TC: 22.9%) (p < 0.001). The proportion of broadcasting between NCFA/CFA and OFA food advertisements in children's peak time slots was higher on TC (203/162) during 2013 than on GC (189/140), and significantly higher than that shown on TC in 2007 (180/36, p < 0.001).ConclusionsBroadcasting of unhealthy TV food advertising on TC is lower today than six years ago; but, children's exposure to TV advertising of unhealthy food is worrying in Spain, and there is more exposure to unhealthy than healthy food by TV. Watching GC in 2013 had higher risk of being exposed to fast food advertisements than watching TC.

En este artículo se estudian algunos factores psicosociales que pueden influir en las prácticas deportivas y que contribuyen a explicar el hecho de que las jóvenes practiquen menos deporte que los jóvenes. Para ello hemos llevado a cabo una investigación basándonos en el Modelo de Elección de Logro aplicado al contexto deportivo (Eccles y Harold, 1991), con una muestra de 627 jóvenes andaluces de ambos sexos. Los principales factores estudiados han sido la identidad (identidad de género, identidad atlética y auto-concepto de habilidad física), el valor subjetivo que las personas otorgan al deporte, los recuerdos afectivos de la persona en relación con el deporte, las actitudes hacia la práctica deportiva femenina y la ideología de género. Los resultados corroboran las diferencias entre chicos y chicas tanto en las prácticas deportivas como en el resto de las variables estudiadas, aunque las diferencias no son muy grandes, en términos absolutos. El modelo de Eccles de elección de logro recibe un considerable apoyo, especialmente en lo que concierne a las relaciones directas entre variables. No obstante, las variables relacionadas con la identidad (especialmente la identidad atlética y el auto-concepto de habilidad física) mostraron una relación más clara con los intereses y prácticas deportivas que las variables relacionadas con el valor otorgado al deporte.

We recruited a sample of patients with recent onset panic disorder from the Panic Disorder Unit of Cantabria (University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain). Data were analyzed with the statistical package SPSS 12.0 and parametric test were used to compare the means (T test for paired and for independent samples). Results: We obtained measures in 54 cases and 43 age, sex and BMI matched controls. Mean age was 31.3 and 63% were women. Median duration of panic disorder was 7 months. Mean values of the markers were higher in patients than controls (vWF¼ 78.7 vs. 75.5; p¼0.4, and E-selectin¼ 64.7 vs. 57.8; p¼0.3) but did not reach statistical significance. When we analyzed evolution of markers in patients we observed a decrease in both (vWF¼ 78.7-> 74.6; p¼0,058, E-selectin¼ 62.1-> 57.8; p¼0,1) but again without reaching statistical significance. Conclusions: These results could support our hypothesis of a relationship between the endothelial damage and panic disorder. The lack of statistical significance could be explained because of our small sample; therefore larger samples are needed to confirm our results.

Background: Main features of antisocial personality disorder (APD) are aggression, tendency to violence, poor frustration tolerance, impulsivity, difficulties in learning from experiences. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized with difficulty to sustain attention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Association between ADHD and violent behavior is well known. Childhood onset ADHD carries a high risk of persisting into adulthood as antisocial behaviors. Aim: In the present study, comorbidity of adult ADHD was screened in a group of patients with APD. Executive functions and attention were assessed by using neuropsychological test instruments. In addition, their relation to ADHD subtypes was investigated. Methods: A total of 90 male subjects with APD were included. Also, 90 age-and sex-matched healthy control subjects were involved into the study. The patients and control subjects were assessed by a semi-structured socio-demographic form, SCID-II, Turgay's Adult ADHD Rating Scale, Wender Utah Rating Scale, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Test, Continuous Performance Test, and Trail-Making Test. Results: Comorbidity rate of adult ADHD was 83.3% in APD group while 6.7% of control subjects had a diagnosis of adult ADHD. The most frequently diagnosed ADHD subgroup was combined type in both APD and control group. In APD group, executive functions were significantly more deficient as compared to the control group. Among all ADHD subgroups, inattention subtype had the worst performance in neuropsychological assessments. Conclusion: Comorbidity of adult ADHD was quite common in APD subjects. Executive functions were generally deficient in APD patients with a co-diagnosis of adult ADHD.

IntroductionTreatment strategies in bipolar disorder (BPD) has changed in the last decades and polypharmacy including antipsychotics has become extremely common compared to monotherapy with mood stabilisers. Clinicians tend to use 2 or more atypical antipsychotics despite the lack of evidence to support safety, tolerability and efficacy of this practice.ObjectiveTo determine most frequently used treatment strategies in a sample of bipolar disorder patients and review of the literature.MethodologyAnalysis of a sample of 35 patients with BPD from Madrid and review of recent literature for evidence arising from international guidelines recommendations and meta-analyses.ResultsMost frequently used treatment approach in our sample was polytherapy, including at least 1 atypical antipsychotic (31%) and polytherapy, including at least 2 antipsychotics (47%) together with mood stabilisers. Only 11% were in monotherapy with mood stabilisers and another 11%were in monotherapy with one atypical antipsychotic but without mood stabilisers. Aripiprazol and olanzapine were among the most preferred atypical antipsychotics. Efficacy and safety of such combinations have not been systematically compared with monotherapy in the literature. Previous data indicate that polytherapy in BPD may incur in important disadvantages [1].ConclusionsTreatment of BPD remains challenging. Polytherapy seem to have replaced monotherapy due to less relapses and better results in treatment of affective symptoms. However, compliance and secondary long-term effects should be taken into account. Superiority in terms of efficacy in polytherapy needs to be balanced with tolerability issues. More studies on combination therapy, long-term efficacy and safety are needed.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.