This study presents a new short scale for measuring cumulative trauma dose, types, and profiles that is based on the APA (American Psychological Association) trauma Group (currently division 56) definition of trauma and a new, two-way development-based taxonomy of trauma. The new measure was tested using a sample of 501 Iraqi refugees who are one of the most traumatized groups. The following six salient factors were found: collective identity, family, personal identity, interdependence or secondary, man-made or nature-made survival, and abandonment types of traumas. The study provided evidence of adequate reliability; construct, convergent, divergent and predictive validity of the new scale and provided partial confirmation of the validity of the development-based taxonomy of traumas. A new method was introduced to measure trauma types and profiles and their differential association with different symptom configurations and health disorders. The newly developed measure can be used in clinical trauma-informed settings and in research.

No abstract

No abstract

The multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) was revised for Arab American adolescents (MSPSS-AA). Items measuring social support from significant others were omitted and items measuring support from school personnel were added based on advice from cultural experts. The sample consisted of 635 Arab American young adolescents in metropolitan Detroit. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the proposed three-factor solution (family, friends, and school personnel). Internal consistency coefficients for the three subscales of family (alpha = 0.63), friends (alpha = 0.75), school personnel (alpha = 0.72) were good. As predicted, perceived support from family, friends, and school personnel were inversely related to self reports of daily hassles and internalizing behavior and positively related to assistance seeking coping, which provides evidence for construct validity. Support for discriminant validity was also demonstrated with significantly larger correlations between the MSPSS-AA Family subscale and daily hassles specific to parents and the MSPSS-AA Friend subscale and daily hassles specific to peers. These finding suggest that the MSPSS-AA is reliable and valid for use with Arab-American adolescents.

By leveraging emerging technologies in augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), a Virtual Dental Library and AR virtual tooth identification test were developed at a U. S. dental school. The AR virtual tooth identification test is a vision‐ based AR application that uses three‐dimensional models of extracted human teeth as test items. The aims of this study were to investigate the validity of the AR virtual tooth identification test and evaluate the users' experience with the virtual testing method. The AR virtual tooth identification test scores were compared with real tooth identification tests, scores on three quizzes, final exam, and final grade for the course to assess its validity. In addition, a survey was used to assess students' perceptions of the AR tool. In 2018, all 109 first‐year dental students who had completed the dental anatomy course were invited to participate in the study. Of the 93 participants, 61 (56% of total students) were included in the correlation analysis (32 were excluded due to incomplete test answer sheets or missing criterion measures). All 93 could respond to the survey and provide comments. In the results, the AR virtual tooth identification test had a positive correlation with the real tooth identification test (r=0.410, p<0.01), a combined score of two real tooth identification tests (r=0.545, p<0.01), the final exam (r=0.489, p<0.01), and overall grade for the dental anatomy course (r=0.661, p<0.01). On the tests, the students had some difficulty in viewing and manipulating the images and experienced technical difficulties related to their smartphones, and their survey responses expressed little support for the AR tool. Nevertheless, this study demonstrated criterion validity of the AR virtual assessment tool for tooth identification.