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Carbon nanohorns (CNH) were synthesized by a simple conventional hydrothermal method in this study. The CNHs were prepared by the chemical oxidation from the carbonation of Nafion (catalyst) with heparin (carbon resource). The formation of CNH involved two major steps, as described followed. First, the formation of carbon nanorice (CNR) was achieved by carbonation and self-assembly of heparin inside the Nafion structure. Second, the further oxidation of CNR resulted the heterogeneous and porous micelle domains showed at the outer layer of the CNR particles. These porous domains exhibited hydrophobic carbon and resulted self-assembly of the CNR to form the structure of CNHs. The resulting CNHs aggregated into a “dahlia-like” morphology with fluorescence in a diameter of 50–200 nm. The “dahlia-like” CNH showed better fluorescence (450nm) than CNR particles because of the presence of more structural defect. These findings suggest that the hydrophilic fluorescent carbon nanohorns (HFCNHs) synthesized in this study have the potential to be used for in vitro bio-imaging

Application of biodegradable implants in the gastrointestinal tract is a new field of research; therefore, it is important to understand the degradation behavior of these biodegradable implants in vivo before being applied to clinical settings. In this paper, we provide a detailed protocol for thin film implantation into rat, so that their physiology can be studied. After polyester PCL film inoculation in the stomach and intestine, in vivo biofilm (PCL) degradation can be monitored. Therefore, the importance of this protocol is to study the host responses to biofilm degradation and to study the fundamental degradation properties of the biofilm. An emphasis is placed on surgical precision. The degradation of thin film in stomach and intestine are quantified using their morphology, which is evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. The implantation of biofilm in rat and their analyses can be completed using the proposed method in approximately 28 days. polyesters which are degraded by hydrolysis with or without enzyme. Surprisingly, more than thousands of papers being published in the biomaterials and tissue engineering literature which uses polyester in form of films and scaffolds, there is no in vivo degradation and biocompatible study of polyester in gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In this study, we have performed a method to study the degradable and toxicity of polyester in gastrointestinal (GI) tract.