Endodontic perforation is an iatrogenic error which results in the communication between the crown and the oral cavity/root and the periodontal ligament space and bone. It's the most common type of endodontic mishap occurs while negotiating canals. The primary cause of endodontic perforations is poor knowledge of the internal anatomy of the tooth. Other factor includes calcification, rotation, malposed tooth, and resorption. The diagnosis of root perforation is pivotal for treatment and good prognosis. Prime diagnosis of perforation was done by Clinical and radiographic examination. Cone-beam computed tomography play an important role for the diagnosis perforation, even with other materials superimposing the defect. This article mainly focuses on prevention of endodontic perforations.

Background: Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli were the primary microorganisms that cause dental caries. However, current molecular microbiology advancements have suggested the possible roles of other microorganisms in causation of carious lesions. Aims and Objectives:The aim is to explore the complete bacterial profile and pH in superficial and deep layer of carious dentinal lesion in reversible pulpitis patient. Materials and Methods: A total of 12 patients with occlusal cavitated lesion were chosen for this study. The carious dentinal sample was collected. The samples were subjected to DNA extraction quantification with 16S rRNA amplification and pH measurement by suspending the carious sample into 0.9% of NaCl solution. Results:The results showed higher number of Actinobacteria followed by Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Spirochaetes. The superficial layer was found to be acidic pH. Conclusion:There are more bacteria in the superficial carious layer than in the deep layer, with a fold difference of 2.8%.