Background: Leech therapy is a point of attraction in the medical as well as in the scientific world due to its various outstanding properties, while studying the Ayurveda and scientific literature one can find difference, i.e., discarding after single use as per modern literature, but in Ayurveda, it can be reused after 7 days of leech therapy. Studies of such kind were not carried or published in any scientific journals, so ethical approval and developing scientific methods for validating the study were necessary, so a pilot study began with ethical clearance. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the bacterial and fungal count of leech saliva and blood emesis before and after leech therapy using disc diffusion method. Materials and Methods: Leeches were collected from the normal habitat from Mangalore region possessing the same weight and morphological characteristics as that of the Nirvisha Jalouka as mentioned in classics (Shanku-mukhi). The selected leeches were stored in well water having nonchlorinated with minimum bacterial load. The well water was selected from three geographical regions of Belagavi city, and among them, one sample was selected having minimal bacterial load. Ten patients with infectious skin diseases who were indicated for Jalaukavacharana (Vidradhi, Dushta-vrana) were selected. The experimental leech saliva was tested for total bacterial count (TBC) and total fungal count (TFC) before and on 8th day of application, along with venous blood of the patient and blood vomitus of leech after application was tested for TBC and TFC. Statistical analysis was done based on TFC and TBC before and after application. Results: TBC and TFC of leech saliva at 8th day and before application were similar which indicates the leech gut has destroyed the bacteria or inhibited the growth of bacteria. Conclusion: TBC and TFC help to produce evidence that after application of leech and proper vomiting will not allow the growth of bacteria. Hence, safely, it can be reused after 7 days.

COVID19 pandemic severely infects patients with co morbidities like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardio-pulmonary diseases, elderly population. In view of paucity of sensitive and specic vaccines and treatment for COVID19 patient and being a contagious disease with high morbidity and mortality rate, its mandatory to spot the disease course in early stages before complications develop and isolate (quarantine) the infected individual to prevent community spread of infection. Aim was to study the role of HRCT chest to observe extent of pulmonary involvement in positive covid-19 patients in tertiary care centre .It is a Hospital record based descriptive study carried out at the Department of Radio-diagnosis, patient with laboratory proven positive report for COVID-19 and undergoing HRCTChest. Out of 200 patients with laboratory proven positive report for COVID-19, 180 patients showed features of COVID19 infection on HRCTChest. It was found that patients with co morbidities like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardio-pulmonary diseases and chronic kidney disease were severely affected.

Pentalogy of Cantrell is a rare congenital condition with a thoraco-abdominal disruption showing five characteristics i.e. ectopia cordis and intracardiac anomalies; lower sternal defect; midline supraumbilical thoraco-abdominal wall defect; anterior diaphragmatic defect; defect of pericardium. Ultrasound can be used for its early and confirmatory diagnosis. This is a study of a rare case of Pentalogy of Cantrell based on sonography findings in a 23 year old primigravida presenting for routine antenatal check-up.

Avascular Necrosis refers to the bone death in epiphyseal or subarticular location secondary to interruption of blood supply. MRI has become the most sensitive, specic and widely used diagnostic imaging modality for evaluation of AVN of femoral head. The aim was to study the stages of presentation of Avascular Necrosis of femoral head on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in tertiary care centre .It is a Hospital record based descriptive study carried out at the Department of Radio-diagnosis, those patients which showed signs for avascular necrosis of femoral head over a period of three years were included in the study. Staging of Avascular Necrosis of femoral head was done as per Ficat and Arlet classication and distribution was done on the basis of Age, Gender and Laterality. Out of 129 patients with suspected AVN, 68 patients showed features of AVN of femoral head on MRI .It was found that males were commonly affected with mean age group between 31-40 years. Most of the patients had bilateral involvement. It was found that most of the patients presented during stage III of the disease. It was also observed that Coronal sequence of T1w image was useful in diagnosing most cases of AVN and hence can be used as a rapid protocol in diagnosing AVN.