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Biological treatment methods for the biodegradation of anthropogenic toxic pollutants are eco-friendly in nature and are powered by a variety of microbial enzymes. Green chemistry and enzymes play a crucial role in catalyzing the biodegradation of organic and inorganic pollutants including azo dyes; polyaromatic hydrocarbons; lead; organic cyanides; aromatic amines; mono-, di-, and polyphenols; polymers; and mercury. Laccases form a prospective group of multifunctional oxidoreductase enzymes with great potential for oxidizing different categories of organic and inorganic pollutants and their diversified functions, such as pigment formation, lignin degradation, and detoxification of industrial wastes including xenobiotics mainly from the pharmaceutical, paper textile, and petrochemical industries. Therefore, it is very important to study laccases as green and environmentally friendly alternatives for the degradation of xenobiotics. This review article will cover comprehensive information about the functions and properties of bacterial laccases for a deep understanding of their scope and applications for effective bioremediation of recalcitrant xenobiotics.

Nanomaterials have gained huge applications ever since their discoveries, especially in the field of electronics, medicine, research, and environmental cleanup. Nanomaterials have a high surface area-to-volume ratio along with high surface energies making them suitable for such wide applications. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanocomposite (CNC) materials are remarkable nanomaterials that have become the backbone of most industries these days. Both materials have gained huge attention in the last decade by the scientific community. CNTs come in two variants, i.e., single-walled CNTs (SW-CNTS) and multiwalled CNTs (MW-CNTs). Due to their wider applications, CNT synthesis is currently emerging with the advancement in technology. Currently, CNTs are being synthesized by chemical as well as physical approaches. The current review article focuses on the vital research and application for the synthesis of CNTs depending on the quality of the nanotube materials. Controlled routes to their organization and assembly are also discussed in detail over here. The aim is to provide recent advances in the synthesis methods, of CNTs, their current applications, future applications, and the potential of agrowaste and industrial waste for the synthesis of CNTs and nanomaterials.

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