Isolated first rib fractures are uncommon. They are usually associated with severe blunt trauma, although other mechanisms have been suggested, these being (a) indirect trauma, (b) sudden contraction of the neck muscles, and (c) stress or fatigue fractures attributable to repeated pull of muscles. Two cases are reported of stress fracture of the first rib, who presented to the accident and emergency department.

Background: Oral cancer is one of the most fatal health problems faced by the mankind today. Oral cancer ranks as the eighth most common cancer in developing countries. A high incidence of oral cancer is observed in the Indian sub-continent which accounts for one third of the world burden. In India, because of cultural, ethnic, geographic factors and the popularity of addictive habits, the frequency of oral cancer is high. It is estimated that about 56 thousand new cases are reported each year in India resulting in about one lakh individuals suffering from the disease at any given time. Cancer or precancer states can be found in individuals who are non-smokers and quid chewers. The possibility of alteration of various antioxidant levels due to presence of carcinogens in the blood plays a key role in the development of malignant states.Methods: The material for the present study comprise of 50 subjects selected at randomly. After recording history regarding habits, thorough clinical examination the patients clinically diagnosed as oral cancer underwent biopsy to confirm histopathologically. A total of 2.5ml ml of blood was drawn from the mid-cubital vein with necessary aseptic precautions and transferred to sterile vacutainers. Serum was separated immediately by centrifugation at 2000rpm for 15mins for the estimation of antioxidants namely ceruloplasmin, malondialdehyde, glutathione using photometric method.Results: The mean values of Ceruloplasmin (the mean values for controls 32.87, oral cancer 40.49), Glutathione (controls 4.46 oral cancer 5.55), malondialdehyde (controls 2.97, oral cancer 4.34) were compared using students t-test. The mean values of antioxidants were significantly increased in cancer compared to controls (pvalue < 0.05), It can be observed from the results that values of enzyme increased from controls to Oral cancer.Conclusions: It can be stated with our study that the antioxidant defence mechanism constitute a very important defence system against the free radical injury of the cells. The antioxidants come into play not only during minor free radical injurious process but also when the malignancy develops. Hence the antioxidants play a vital role as valuable markers in diagnosing oral cancer.

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The disposal of a large volume of untreated and partially treated domestic wastewater is causing pollution of various water sources. Sewage treatment involving conventional wastewater treatment technologies is costly. In the present study, in-situ treatment of sewage using a commercially effective microbial consortium was investigated in two community open drains of Chanarthal village in Haryana state of India. The pH, turbidity, BOD, and COD were determined in accordance with standard methods. The optimum dose for treatment in the batch study was 1ml/L, and the optimum time for treatment was 5 days. The batch study results were used for continuous in-situ treatment study performed in drains over a period of six weeks. The turbidity, BOD, and COD removal were 60.1, 82.1, and 64.7% in the batch study and 40.1, 61.1, and 56.4% in the continuous in-situ treatment study. It was also observed that a higher dose of microbial consortia gives the same performance as low doses at a later stage of the study.