BACKGROUND: The normoglycemic patients with diabetes risk and prediabetes have insulin resistance and consequently endothelial dysfunction that possible causes macroangiopathy and adverse cardiovascular events and further mortality of it. An early diabetes risk identification using not only prognostic scales but also biomarkers is starting and crucial point of struggle with 2 type diabetes mellitus and its complications. AIM: The aim of the study is to estimate the impact of FABP4 biomarker on diabetes risk and cardiovascular events. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted simultaneously among 389 respondents aged 18–65 years. We provided survey and clinical examinations. The risk of diabetes was assessed using the FINDRISC scale and cardiovascular risk (CVR) was assessed using SCORE scale. The serum FABP4 biomarker was studied using a multiplex assay, immunofluorescence using XMap technology, a Bioplex 3D instrument, and a MILLIPLEX® Human cardiovascular disease panel I reagent kit(Millipore). Results were considered statistically significant at p < 0.001. RESULTS: The group of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) high risk was 79 (20%) of all study participants. The level of the FABP4 marker significantly prevailed in high-risk group of T2DM and high CVR was also established this group. We found a positive direct average correlation(r = 0.59; p = 0.000) between FABP4 and FINDRISC scale. The logistic regression analysis indicated that the level of the FABP4 marker increases withing the increased risk of T2DM. The correlation between FABP4 concentration and CVR according to the SCORE scale (r = 0.24; p = 0,000) was lower than between FABP4 and diabetes risk. Risk factors were established affecting on the increasing CVR by SCORE scale in patients with T2DM risk. CONCLUSIONS: The level of FABP4 significantly prevailed in the group of diabetes and cardiovascular risk (CVR). The established correlations between FABP4 level and CVR or T2DM risk indicate on its increase in groups with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes and a high CVR.

No abstract

No abstract

Background. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) is a marker of endothelial dysfunction(ED) and a predictor of both the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and a cardiovascular event(CVE). Its role in the CVE development was sufficiently studied in patients without carbohydrate metabolism disorders, and understudied in patients with prediabetes. Aim: the research interest is the study of PAI-1 in patients with prediabetes and its effect on the CVE development. Materials and methods. The case-control study of 168 patients aged from 18 to 65 was carried out among the local population from January to December 2019.After clinical examination, patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (n=55)– patients with prediabetes and with CVE; group 2 (n=93) - patients with prediabetes and without CVE; the control group n=20. Results. Differences in PAI-1 level were found in groups 1 (Me=30718.6 pg/ml) and 2 (Me=24692.0 pg/ml; p≤0.001), even greater differences were found in both groups compared to the control one (p≤0.001). The correlation analysis has found in both group influence such IR indicators as fasting glucose, IR-HOMA index, glucagon, C-peptide to elevation of PAI-1. These findings indicate that with an elevation of the PAI-1 level, the concentration of fasting glucose, glucagon, C-peptide and scores of IR-HOMA index increase in both group. The Binary regression analysis has demonstrated, that an elevation of the PAI-1 biomarker increases the likelihood of CVE by 3.3 fold in patients with prediabetes (p≤0.01). In addition to, a model has been derived for assessing the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with prediabetes. Conclusions. Elevation of PAI-1 concentration is associated with insulin resistance which leads to ED, and further development risk of CVE in patients with prediabetes.

There is no information in the literature on the ratio of the concentrations of Endocan, PAI-1, and intima media thickness (IMT) in patients with high diabetes risk. This study aims to investigate the relationships between endothelial dysfunction biomarkers: Endocan, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1(PAI-1), insulin resistance (IR) indicators, and IMT of the common carotid artery (CCA) in patients with risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A case-control study was held, including 184 individuals, aged from 18 to 65 years. According to FINDRISC scale, patients were divided into 2 groups: Group 1 (n = 138) — low risk of T2DM (<12 points) and Group 2 (n = 46) high risk of T2DM (>12 points). IMT more than 0.9 mm on ultrasound considered as an atherosclerosis. Significant differences were found when studying the level of Endocan, PAI-1 biomarkers with their predominance in the group of patients with a high risk of T2DM; concentrations of Endocan comprised (mean±SD) 1698.2±576.2 pg/ml; p=0.01; PAI-1–32307.15±19947.12 pg/ml; p=0.05 to compare with low risk of T2DM. In addition to, mean values of IMT prevailed in patients in the group with a high diabetes risk and comprised right IMT CCA-0.90±0.15 mm; p = 0.05, left IMT CCA0.91±0.14 mm; p=0.02. Interrelations between Endocan, PAI-1, and IMT CCA have been determined by correlation analysis. These findings indicate that in patients with high diabetes risk the elevations of the Endocan, PAI-1 is associated with a subclinical atherosclerosis. Furthermore, both biomarkers Endocan and PAI-1 has been demonstrating significant correlation with insulin, IR-HOMA index, С-peptide, HbA1c, and fasting glucose in patients with high risk of T2DM. We found significant relationships between the ED biomarkers with IMT and IR in patients with high risk of T2DM. We suggest that rising of IR leads to Endocan and PAI-1 elevation, subclinical atherosclerosis and thereby increase ED and cardiovascular risk in these patients.