Policies have been structured for collection and recycling of spent portable battery waste within a framework of stakeholders (recycling council body, producer, recycler and consumer) especially for those battery units that are discarded worldwide because of their expensive cost of recycling. Applicability of stakeholders' policies in their coalition framework have been reviewed and critically analyzed using the Shapley value of cooperative game theory models. Coalition models for 'manufacturer and recycler' indicated the dominating role of manufacturers over the recyclers, and waste management is highly influenced by producer responsibility. But, the take-back policy enables recyclers' dominance role in the management and yields maximum benefit to both recyclers and consumers. The polluter pays principle has been implemented in formulating policies to key stakeholders, 'manufacturers' as well as 'consumers', of battery products by the introduction of penalties to encourage their willingness to join the Environment, Health and Safety program. Results indicated that the policies of the framework have the potential to be implemented within a marginal rise in battery price by 12% to 14.3% in the range of recycling cost per tonne of US$2000 to US$5000. The policy of the stakeholders' framework presented in the study could be an important aid to achieve high collection and recycling rates of spent portable batteries.

Are anemia and blood group types related to Japanese encephalitis and dengue? Introduction: Dengue and Japanese encephalitis (JE) are flaviviruses causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Previous studies had found an association between dengue infection and particular blood group antigen and also the susceptibility to aplastic anemia by dengue. Aims and Objective: The present study was conducted to find any association between dengue and JE immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody with blood group antigen or anemia. Methodology: The study was conducted in 2 slums of Delhi in 2013 in the interepidemic period. 5 mL blood from 239 samples were taken and processed for IgG levels of dengue and JE and rest used to test hemoglobin and blood group. Results and Discussion: No association has been found between blood group types and dengue IgG antibody positivity (P = 0.42) or JE IgG antibody positivity (P = 0.148). Nor did anemia established any association with dengue (P = 0.185) or JE IgG antibody (P = 0.277). IgG status of dengue and JE could be used as proxy markers of any past subclinical infection (includes clinically manifested cases also). Further studies in large settings and other areas could be done to validate the results. This was the first study of its kind in such settings.

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Objective: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is popular among clinicians worldwide, as a first line of investigation in all patients with lymphadenopathy and is preferred over biopsy because of its minimally invasive nature and cost effectiveness. Aim of present study was to diagnosing and grading of NHLs on morphological parameters by FNAC. The cytological grading accuracy is compared with the histological grades assigned according to the International Working Formulation (IWF) system which relies solely on morphological features, most important of which is cell size. Materials and Methods: A total of 76 patients present with lymphadenopathy were sending to our department for FNAC from different OPD and IPD were included in the study. These were cases where a cytological diagnosis of NHL or suspicious of NHL was made and corresponding histological sections available and cases where a diagnosis of NHL was made in histology and corresponding FNAC smears were available irrespective of the cytological diagnosis. Cases were also graded on FNAC smears using a three tier grading system based upon cell size into low, intermediate and high grades. Cytological assigned grades were correlated with the corresponding histological grades (IWF) to determine grading accuracy. Result: Out of 76 patients an accurate diagnosis of NHL was possible in 54 (71.05%) patients. Overall accurate grading was seen in 52 (68.42%) patients using cytological criteria. Out of which Accurate cytological grading was possible in 31 patients (59.61%) as low grade, 15 patients (28.84%) as intermediate and 6 patients (11.54%) as high grade Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Conclusion:The diagnostic accuracy of FNAC for NHLs was determined using histology as the gold standard. This study highlights the utility of FNAC as a morphological tool for diagnosing and grading NHLs in a significant number of cases. This modality may assist clinicians in management of cases of NHLs, especially in centers working within the constraints of limited availability or non availability of ancillary techniques.

This paper presents a concept for semi-active control of earthquake induced vibrations in buildingframes based on smart stressing of building frame using shape memory alloys. Smart cables composed of (Ni-Ti) shape memory alloy (SMA)