The population genetic diversity of two black fly species (S. (S.) gurneyae and S. (S.) nilgiricum) was investigated along an elevational gradient in two hills of South India by mitochondrial gene sequence of cytochrome coxidase subunit I (COI) based Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). By comparing the similarity of the bands produced by three restriction endonuclease enzymes, the genetic distance was calculated among sampling sites. The mean Kimura two parameter divergences of two black fly species between sampling sites was observed less than 13% and the higher genetic differentiation occurred at higher elevational sites (>1000 m). These result suggest that hypothesis of speciation is related with higher elevational site in black flies.

Background: The complete understanding of feeding and reproduction strategies during metamorphosis of silkworm Bombyx mori is very essential, for that a comparative proteomics analysis was used to investigate the proteins extracted from the head of the larva and adult of Bombyx mori. Materials and Methods: Proteins were separated and identified by using 2D-PAGE and MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS analysis respectively. The functions of each proteins were annotated using STRAP GO analysis. The expression level of each protein spots between larvae and adult were analyzed using 2D image platinum 7. Results: Using 2-DE gels stained with coomassie staining revealed, 315±3 and 296±3 proteins spots with pI ranges of 4-10 and 3.5-8 in the larva and adult head, respectively. Thirty proteins were identified based on differential and unique expression in the head of the larva and adult of B. mori. Among the 30 identified proteins, comparatively 10 proteins were up regulated and 6 proteins were down regulated in the larvae, whereas 6 proteins were up regulated and 10 were down regulated in the adult. In addition, 6 and 8 unique proteins expressions were observed in the larvae and adult, respectively. Database search combined with STRAP GO analysis revealed that few up regulated and unique protein in the larvae such as odorant binding proteins, argonaute protein, apolipophorin III precursor, enolase and iron-ion transport proteins were localized to regulate the feeding activity of larva. Furthermore, some proteins are highly and uniquely expressed from adult head such as glycoprotein hormone, N-acetyltranferase, cytochrome p450, DNA binding and intracellular transport protein, clathrin coat assembly protein and metabolic enzyme which may regulate adult ecolsion and reproduction. Conclusion: The results suggest and confirmed that the protein expression in each stage could alter the behaviors of the insect related to larval feeding, growth and reproduction in the adult. Further the characterization and functions of other proteins identified are discussed. This study will help to improve the silk production which leads to economy improvement in sericulture industry.

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