Several proposals have been made to describe the evolutionary relationships among the genes that control the structure of the polypeptide chains in the normal human hemoglobins.1-3 At present, the best means for evaluating these proposals is by analysis of the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chains of hemoglobins from several vertebrate and invertebrate forms. With this information, homologies of chain structure as shown by correspondence between sequences of amino acids in entire chains, or portions of chains, help to establish the order or trend of evolution of the hemoglobin genes. Because a vast number of animals are available for this purpose, it is important that a careful choice of subjects for study be made. The principal basis for such choice should be the comparative anatomy and paleontological record of the animal groups. Thus, one will study hemoglobins from those animals that, in contemporary theory, represent stages in the development from primitive to more advanced forms, and finally to man. For this reason we have chosen to study the hemoglobins from a single mammalian order, the Primates. This order contains not only man, of whose hemoglobins so

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The distributions of alleles at the carbonic anhydrase I (CAI = CAB) and carbonic anhydrase I1 (CA I1 = CA C) loci in nine troops of Papio cynocephalus were determined. Two alleles were found at the C A I locus, and three at the CA I1 locus; the frequencies were: CA I" = 0.856; CA I b = 0.144; CA IIa = 0.784; CA IIb = 0.209; C A 11" = 0.007. Results of tests for HardyWeinberg equilibrium, homogeneity tests, and calculations of migration rates were used in support of the interpretation that migration and genetic drift may affect the distribution of alleles at the CA I locus and that selection is the process responsible for the distribution of alleles at the CA 11 locus.

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