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Long-wavelength macromolecular crystallography (MX) exploits the anomalous scattering properties of elements, such as sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, chlorine, or calcium, that are often natively present in macromolecules. This enables the direct structure solution of proteins and nucleic acids via experimental phasing without the need of additional labelling. To eliminate the significant air absorption of X-rays in this wavelength regime, these experiments are performed in a vacuum environment.Beamline I23 at Diamond Light Source, UK, is the first synchrotron instrument of its kind, designed and optimized for MX experiments in the long wavelength range towards 5 Å.

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Residual stresses on the surface of disks of one-piece-rolled steel railway wheels, caused by their fi nishing (turning) with different tool feed rate and speed, are measured using the X-ray diffractometric method implemented using the DRP portable diffractometer. It is shown that the specifi ed fi nishing parameters have signifi cant infl uence on the level of surface residual stresses induced by fi nishing. The most favorable stress state (compressive stresses up to –200 MPa) on the surface of the disks is achieved under relatively small values of tool feed and speed. The results may serve as basis for improving of the fi nishing technology of solid-rolled wheels.