A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of flooding on two tomato cultivars and two wild related species. Forty days old tomato plants were subjected to a continuous flooding stress of different durations: 0, 2, 4 and 8 days. Plant pots were placed inside larger plastic pots; they were irrigated with excessive quantity of tap water at 25 0 C so that the level of water above the surface of soil was 15 cm throughout the flooding period. At the bottom of each plastic pot a drilled hole allowed complete drainage of the pot after flooding. Parameters studied include plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll content, wilting, leaf senescence, adventitious root formation, number of flowers and fruits from cluster 2 to 6, average weight per fruit, fruit length and width, total fruit weight from cluster 2 to 6, total yield per plant. LA1579 genotype was more subjected to the deleterious effect of flooding on almost all the parameters studied. Therefore LA1579 genotype is flooding sensitive. Genotypes CLN2498E, and CA4 showed high tolerance to flooding while LA1421 genotype was tolerant to some extent. This experiment provides information that could help in the identification of physiological and agronomical parameters associated with flood-tolerance in vegetables.

Kersting's groundnut is a tropical crop, highly nutritious, adapted to drought-prone areas. The crop is neglected both by researchers and by policy makers. This paper aimed at providing relevant information on the current status of the crop and the prospects to promote its improvement and production. To this end, available papers addressing any of the following aspect: distribution, nutritional value, cropping systems, post-harvest processing, usages, value chains, conservation status, genetic diversity and improvement of Kersting's groundnut were reviewed. In West Africa, the crop provides substantial income for rural population. Kersting's groundnut has several medicinal uses and cultural values as well. However, because of its intensive labor requirement, low yield and non-availability of improved varieties, its cultivation is declining and it is even disappearing gradually in some growing areas. The promotion of the crop's value chains is an option for reversing the declining trend in Kersting's groundnut cultivation. In recent years, some progress has been recorded in the collection, characterization and ex situ conservation of the crop. Thus, there are currently about 100 accessions conserved in various gene banks in Benin, Ghana, France and Belgium. This is still insufficient as compared to the genetic resources available in ex situ for most of the grown legume crops. To cope with this, extensive germplasm collection and their systematic characterization and evaluation coupled with new generation genomic tools need to be undertaken. For this purpose, genomic resources developed for Kersting's groundnut-related species will be valuable assets. The exploitation of genomic resources will enable the development of core and mini-core collections for conservation and breeding purposes. In addition, the use of genomic resources will speed up Kersting's groundnut breeding programs. Furthermore, the genetic base of the crop is extremely narrow and there is a need to broaden it for substantial genetic gain in breeding programs. For this purpose, mutation induction has been proposed as technique to increase variability in the Kersting's groundnut germplasm. Invest in Kersting's groundnut research is key to ensure the conservation and exploit the potential of the crop.

This study aimed at analyzing the perceptions of cashew producers of the climate change, climate change effect on cashew productivity and to identify the adaptation strategies developed to mitigate them, two hundred and seventeen (217) cashew producers older than 50 with more than 10 years experience in cashew plantation were selected randomly from 20 villages. In each of the selected villages, the data were collected using questionnaires, individual and group interviews and fields visit. The collected data were sociodemographic characteristics of the households (sex, age, household size, education level, years of experience in the cultivation of cashew, types of the men size of household laborer used, farm size), perceptions of cashew producers in relation to indicators of climate change, and climatic factors that influence the productivity of cashew and especially the various strategies developed to adapt to. These data have been submitted to descriptive statistic, analysis of variance and multivariate analysis. The results this study indicate that the producers of the Central parts of the country were significantly older and more experienced (P<0.05 to P<0.0001) when compared to producers from other areas. The lowest of cashew plantation area were recorded in the North-East despite the availability of cultivable lands (P <0.0001). The producers have reported an increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall and the occurrence of violent winds from time to time. The high rates of dried flowers and yield losses were the new climate change indicators identified in the study. Mulching (71.80%), manure application (7.8%) and regular management of plantations (6%) were the main strategies developed. The number of household laborer, the experience of the producer, determined significantly (P < 0.05 to P <0.0001), the choice of the adaptation measures to climate change. We recommend to assess the efficacy of these strategies for sustainable cashew production.