The electromechanical impedance (EMI) technique is considered to be one of the most promising methods for developing structural health monitoring (SHM) systems. This technique is simple to implement and uses small and inexpensive piezoelectric sensors. However, practical problems have hindered its application to real-world structures, and temperature effects have been cited in the literature as critical problems. In this paper, we present an experimental study of the effect of temperature on the electrical impedance of the piezoelectric sensors used in the EMI technique. We used 5H PZT (lead zirconate titanate) ceramic sensors, which are commonly used in the EMI technique. The experimental results showed that the temperature effects were strongly frequency-dependent, which may motivate future research in the SHM field.

The pencil lead break (PLB) is a well-known method for characterizing acoustic emission sensors. In this paper, we analyze the effectiveness of this method in characterizing piezoelectric transducers for structural health monitoring (SHM) systems based on the electromechanical impedance (EMI) technique. Tests were carried out on aluminum beams of different sizes, and two types of transducers were considered: 1) lead zirconate titanate ceramics and 2) macrofiber composite devices. The experimental results indicate a clear relationship between the variation in the electrical impedance signature of the transducer and power spectral density obtained with the PLB method. Therefore, the PLB can be a simple and effective method for assessing the sensitivity of transducers for damage detection in SHM systems based on the EMI technique.

In this paper, we present an alternative method for assessing the sensitivity of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoceramics for damage detection in structural health monitoring (SHM) systems based on the electromechanical impedance (EMI) principle. An assessment of the sensitivity is obtained experimentally using the pencil lead break (PLB) method, which is frequently used in acoustic emission (AE) systems. Tests were carried out on an aluminum beam, and the results show a clear relationship between the damage indices obtained from the electrical impedance signatures of the PZT patch bonded to the monitored structure and the power spectral density (PSD) obtained using the PLB method.

Asthma is a chronic disease, still without a cure, and a globally significant public health problem, mainly due to continuous increase in cases. Treatment is costly due to immunosuppressive drugs mainly based on corticosteroids and beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonists. However, because of refractory cases, monoclonal antibodies usage proposed to inhibit specific molecules has become an attractive therapeutic method with promising results although expensive. The use of single domain antibodies (sdAbs), as well as camelid heavy-chain antibody variable domain (VHH), are cutting-edge biotechnological tools since they preserve the inhibition potential, specificity, sensitivity, and high-affinity but with a lower production cost and immunogenicity. Objectives:The purpose of the study is to design a model in silico of stable and specific sdAb against a pivotal pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the allergic asthma process. Methodology:The structure of a variable heavy domain from a monoclonal antibody against this crucial pro-inflammatory cytokine, with known therapeutic effects against asthma, was used as a template to in silico build different sdAbs. Using the "camelization" approach to increase VHs solubility and stability, three specifics mutated sdAbs against this cytokine were designed. Molecular dynamics simulations of these antibodies and the wild-type VH isolated or associated with the cytokine were performed to study their predicted interaction, stability, and solubility. Results:The results for the sdAbs:cytokine complexes show that the proposed antibodies interact in a stable and long-lasting way, in addition to a broad contribution from the CDRs, that provide the interaction specificity. All mutants had higher binding free energy and hydrogen bonding scores than the wild-type, suggesting better-predicted affinity. Additionally, the chosen mutations in the sdAbs improved the stability in the mutated region and decreased the time for structure stabilization on dynamics approach. Furthermore, the predicted solubility of the mutants was higher than the wild type and similar to previously soluble nanobodies produced by our group. Conclusion:These results suggest that the proposed in silico mutations may improve the stability and solubility of these sdAbs. In addition, these mutations did not decrease the antibody ability to have a stable and long-lasting interaction with the cytokine and increased the predicted affinity, possibly contributing to the inhibitory and therapeutic effects. Nonetheless, further studies are still needed to confirm the in silico results and analyze possible side effects.

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