RESUMOEsta revisão tem o objetivo de introduzir aspectos históricos, epidemiológicos e etiológicos do transtorno bipolar, além de apresentar a caracterização e curso da doença e algumas questões relativas ao diagnóstico, tratamento e prognóstico. O Transtorno Bipolar (TB) é caracterizado por graves alterações de humor, que envolvem períodos de humor elevado e de depressão intercalados por períodos de remissão. O transtorno se diferencia em dois tipos principais: o Tipo I, em que ocorrem episódios de mania, e o Tipo II, em que a elevação do humor é mais branda e breve, caracterizando episódios de hipomania. O conceito de espectro bipolar amplia a classificação do TB, incluindo padrões clínicos e genéticos. O TB é uma doença comum, que atinge cerca de 30 milhões de pessoas no mundo, afetando homens e mulheres de modo diferente. As causas do TB incluem uma interação de fatores genéticos e ambientais, distinguindo-o como um transtorno complexo e multideterminado. O diagnóstico segundo os critérios do DSM-5 envolve a identificação de sintomas de mania ou hipomania e da avaliação do curso longitudinal da doença. A depressão é geralmente o quadro mais comum e persistente entre os pacientes bipolares. Embora não existam sintomas específicos que distinguem a depressão unipolar da depressão bipolar, foram encontradas características clínicas típicas de cada manifestação (e.g., perfil dos sintomas, história familiar, e curso da doença). O diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento dos episódios agudos de humor melhoram significativamente o prognóstico. O tratamento de primeira escolha é com medicamentos estabilizadores de humor, anticonvulsivantes e antipsicóticos atípicos. A combinação de medicamentos com intervenções psicossociais tem se mostrado efetiva. Não obstante, o uso de antidepressivos em monoterapia não é recomendado.
Anxiety is widely known to compose symptoms of a considerable number of psychiatric disorders. A previous report suggested a facial expression for anxiety. To replicate and expand on this subject, we tested the accuracy with which observers would match an apparent risk-assessment facial behavior with potentially threatening fictitious scenarios. In an attempt to portray different Brazilian ethnic groups, we first selected as participants three actors and four actresses who had distinct physical characteristics. These participants posed facial expressions in response to the narration of 21 emotional scenarios. Poses were videotaped, from which pictures were extracted to compose answer choices for a 21-item task. Second, 100 observers answered those multiple-choice items by indicating the facial expression that best matched each scenario. We analyzed both the general accuracy for matching scenarios with emotional faces, and the accuracy for matching potential threat scenarios with risk-assessment expressions in comparison with other emotional faces. Results indicated that potential threat scenarios produced distinct facial expressions, characterized by typical environmental scanning facial behavior (related to risk assessment), which were distinguished from other known universal facial expressions of emotions. Our findings suggest that this facial behavior may be related to anxiety in humans. Further studies are needed to confirm the cross-cultural nature of this putative anxiety behavior.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic, prevalent, and disabling psychiatric disorder that affects people of all ages and may have been worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to review conceptual and clinical aspects of OCD, including its history, diagnosis, symptom dimensions, etiology, assessment, prevention, and treatment. The history of OCD shows the transition from religious to medical conceptions. The main symptoms of OCD involve the presence of obsessive thoughts and compulsive acts, which can manifest themselves in four dimensions: ‘contamination and cleanliness’, ‘order and symmetry’, ‘doubt and verification’, and ‘disgusting thoughts and mental rituals’. This heterogeneity in the manifestation of OCD can make it difficult to understand its causes and to compare treatment responses. OCD management involves symptom assessment; prevention through psychoeducation and reducing family accommodation; pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment. First-line treatments involves the administration of serotonin reuptake inhibitor drugs and/or cognitive-behavioral therapy, with exposure and ritual avoidance techniques, and cognitive reappraisal.
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