Background: Mathematical modelling may be able to reduce the number of in vitro experiments and provide an insight into the elementary physical and chemical mechanisms that regulate the rate and degree of drug release. The aim of the present examination was to develop a simple mathematical model to portray drug release from the alginate-type hydrophilic matrix, taking into account the Fickian diffusion of drug and swelling of the matrix using theophylline as the model drug. Results: The nanoparticles show a remarkable swelling in the simulated intestinal fluid. The theoretical drug release values were validated with experimental values by considering diffusion and diffusion with swelling. The experimental value fitted well with the theoretical value predicted based on diffusion. It was found that after 3 h, the entire drug release followed a pure diffusion transport. Conclusions: The numerical model was found to be sufficiently accurate in guessing the drug release from the alginate matrix. The developed model could be extended to quantitatively prognosticate the drug release from hydrophilic spherical matrices.

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This study evaluated the individual as well as integrated impacts of climate and land use change on streamflow over Meenachil river basin, Kerala, India. The hydrological model SWAT was used to simulate future streamflow simulations under representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios for the medium term (2025–2055) and long term (2056–2086). The land use land cover change was projected using land change modeler (LCM) of TerrSet software for the future period. Climate model simulations were taken to predict future streamflow at the regional scale, and an attempt was made to reduce the uncertainty associated with future predictions. According to the findings, streamflow was influenced by climate change (68.07%) and land use change (31.92%), with climate change having a higher contribution rate. The findings suggest that the combined impact of climate and land use change would increase streamflow in the future. The annual average streamflow is expected to decline (5.9%) in the medium term (2025–2055) under RCP 4.5 scenario and rise by 5.3% under RCP 8.5 scenario compared to the observed streamflow for the period 1987–2017. However, in the long term, it is expected to rise by 10.56% under RCP 4.5 and 22.61% under RCP 8.5.