Thyroid dysfunction is an important causative etiology of menstrual abnormalities. Assessment of thyroid function should be done in all patients with menstrual disorders to avoid unnecessary interventions like curettage and hysterectomy.

Background: Adnexal masses are one of the most common pathologies among women of all age groups. Objective of this study was to assess efficacy of ultrasonography in diagnosing adnexal pathology, rule out malignancy and its comparison with laparoscopy and pathology results.Methods: A total 32 women with benign adnexal mass were evaluated by clinical examination, ultrasonography and laparoscopy. Findings of ultrasound were compared with laparoscopy and histopathology reports and diagnostic accuracy was calculated.Results: Sensitivity of USG in diagnosing simple ovarian cyst is 20% and specificity is 88.9% while laparoscopy has sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 94.4%. USG versus laparoscopy has sensitivity of 50% versus 100% and specificity of 94.1% versus 100% in diagnosing endometrioma. Sensitivity of USG in diagnosing dermoid cyst is 66.7% and specificity is 95% while laparoscopy has both sensitivity and specificity of 100%. USG and laparoscopy, both have 100% sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing ectopic pregnancy, para-ovarian cyst and TO abscess. Benign serous cystadenoma is a histopathological diagnosis and is missed by both laparoscopy and ultrasonography.Conclusions: Ultrasonography should be the primary imaging modality used to identify and characterize adnexal masses, as it is readily available, and noninvasive.

To explore the role of Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in predicting foetomaternal outcome in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHOD This was a prospective study of 100 women with singleton pregnancy with <34 weeks of gestation with >140 mg/dL on glucose challenge test enrolled in Kasturba Hospital, Delhi, from 2012 to 2013. A detailed history, examination, routine obstetrical investigations including 75 g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and HbA1c level were done. Patients were managed accordingly and followed till delivery. Their obstetrical and perinatal outcomes were noted and the data was compared using chi-squared test and Fischer's exact test with a two-tailed p-value <0.05 being considered significant. RESULTS Foetomaternal outcomes were compared among patients with >6% HbA1c level and those with abnormal OGTT. Adverse maternal outcomes in patients with >6% HbA1c included excessive weight gain (68% vs. 58.2%), preeclampsia (44% vs. 38.2%), polyhydramnios (44% vs. 35.2%), caesarean section (68% vs. 52.9%), wound sepsis (24% vs. 17.6%) as compared to patients with abnormal GTT. Adverse foetal outcomes and neonatal complications in patients with >6% HbA1c included preterm delivery (36% vs. 32.3%), intrauterine death (12% vs. 8.8%), LGA babies (52% vs. 29.4%), congenital anomalies (13.6% vs. 9.6%), respiratory distress (27.3% vs. 16.1%), hypoglycaemia (36.8% vs. 25.8%), hyperbilirubinaemia (31.8% vs. 29%), and NICU admission >2 days (95.4% vs. 64.5%). A high HbA1c was found to be comparable to OGTT in predicting adverse maternal outcome in GDM patients while a poor foetal outcome was more commonly associated with HbA1c >6%. CONCLUSIONS HbA1c is a sensitive tool for prediction of foetomaternal outcomes in patients with abnormal blood glucose value; hence, it should be advised in all pregnant women.

Sirenomelia or mermaid syndrome is a rare congenital condition. Condition is characterised by fusion of lower limbs to form one single lower limb and is associated with bilateral renal agenesis, severe pulmonary hypoplasia, genitourinary abnormalities, anomalies of lumbosacral spine and pelvis, anorectal defect, gastrointestinal anomalies, single umbilical artery. It affects 1 in 100,000 live births worldwide, with the male to female gender ratio being 3:1. We report a case of sirenomelia type-III in a multigravida female reported to our hospital at term gestation. Her medical history was unremarkable, no associated risk factors, no history of drug abuse. No family history of congenital anomalies. Condition is fatal due to associated visceral anomalies. Prenatal diagnosis is difcult in late second and third trimester as severe oligohydramnios limits the visualisation of anomalies. Early diagnosis in rst or early second trimester is recommended when the normal amount of amniotic uid allow detailed sonographic scanning.