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Precision irrigation scheduling using real-time sensors has the potential to boost water use efficiency while maximizing resource utilization. Traditional farming is adversely affected by improper resource management. To overcome a farmer's efforts, an IoT-based drip irrigation system was developed and tested for system performance. It was compared with an ETc-based drip irrigation system for brinjal crops grown in planter beds filled with vertisols. The developed system, consisting of sensors and microcontrollers, records the environmental parameters, namely, soil moisture content, soil temperature, and relative humidity and temperature. Irrigation scheduling was programmed using upper (field capacity) and lower thresholds (50% plant available water).Irrigation applications were triggered when the soil moisture value reached the lower threshold (33%) and ended after the field capacity was attained (46%). The information captured by the sensors is wirelessly uploaded to the cloud server using IoT technology, which can be accessed from anywhere in the world. It was observed that the IoT-based drip irrigation testing plant grew 1.3 cm taller than the ETc-based drip irrigation testing plant. The length and width of brinjal plant leaves also increased more than the ETc-based drip irrigation treatments. The IoT-based drip irrigation treatments improved pump operating time, leaf length and width by 85 min, 4.4 cm and 3.1 cm, respectively, compared to 125 min, 3.7 cm and 2.4 cm for the ETc-based drip irrigation treatment. During a period of 31 days, water savings of 35% were observed compared to ETc-based drip irrigation. The developed system was rugged, and a water-resistant enclosure allowed its use in outdoor agriculture fields.

This paper focuses on developing an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) wireless robot. It can sense the different parameters of the surroundings; transmit the data through a wireless medium and display data in LCD as well as on a Remote PC. It controls the direction of the robot from a remote location using wireless communication and thereby performing military surveillance and analysing the battlefield environment and challenges that the soldiers may potentially face. By using a Wi-Fi camera and many sensors the robot can help the soldiers in the war fields to examine various environmental conditions and challenges. The arduino and NRF (Nordic Radio Frequency) technologies are used to achieve the above tasks. The different sensors and the robotic arm are connected to the Arduino Uno which in turn is connected to the Nordic Radio Frequency module. Data transmission and receiving are done through Nordic Radio Frequency communication technology. The proposed model eliminates the limitations of the existing models and thus provides better assistance to the soldiers and enables them to handle their missions better.

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The morphometric analysis was carried out on the Halayapura micro-watershed in Karnataka, India. Using ArcGIS 10.2.2 and applying the DEM model, the micro-watershed was subjected to quantitative investigation to determine the channel network involved and understand geo-hydrological behavior. In addition, remote sensing and geospatial techniques were used to study the micro-watershed drainage analysis and its associated parameters, such as stream order, stream length, stream frequency, drainage density, texture ratio, form factor, circulatory ratio, elongation ratio, bifurcation ratio, and compactness coefficient for the micro watershed, were evaluated. According to the findings, the stream order ranges from I to IV, with 97 streams in the micro-watershed. Streams of 72, 19, 5, and 1 are found in the I, II III, and IV order, respectively. The bifurcation values range from 3.78 to 5.00, with the average weight around 3.14. The elongation ratio and farm factor are 0.77 and 0.46, respectively. The drainage density of the micro watershed is 5.20 km/km2. The form factor, circularity, and elongation ratio contribute to a basin with an elongated shape through decreased flood proneness, erosion, and sediment transport capacity. The results of the micro-watershed morphometric assessment are critical for evaluating and managing water resources and selecting a recharge structure for future water management in the study region.