Land-change science has emerged as a foundational element of global environment change and sustainability science. It seeks to understand the human and environment dynamics that give rise to changed land uses and covers, not only in terms of their type and magnitude but their location as well. This focus requires the integration of social, natural, and geographical information sciences. Each of these broad research communities has developed different ways to enter the land-change problem, each with different means of treating the locational specificity of the critical variables, such as linking the land manager to the parcel being managed. The resulting integration encounters various data, methodological, and analytical problems, especially those concerning aggregation and inference, land-use pixel links, data and measurement, and remote sensing analysis. Here, these integration problems, which hinder comprehensive understanding and theory development, are addressed. Their recognition and resolution are required for the sustained development of land-change science.

It is important to understand the interplay between stock market and real economy to figure out the various channels through which financial markets drive economic growth. In the current study we investigate this relationship for Chinese economy, the fastest growing and largest emerging economy in the world. Using the methodology of unit root testing in the presence of structural breaks and using an ARDL model, we find that Global Financial Crises had a significant impact on both China's real sector and financial sector. Our findings also suggest that Shanghai A share market has a long run negative association with the real sector of the economy, however the magnitude of impact is tiny and can be ignored. We conjecture that this negative relationship is the proof of so called existence of irrational prosperity on the stock market and the bubbles in China's financial sector. We do not find any evidence of a relationship between stock market and real economy in the short run. Toda Yamamoto causality test supports the demand-driven hypothesis that economic growth spurs development of stock markets for China's B share market.

obtained from the operating theatre database. Patients were divided by indication (retention/ LUTS). Clinical data and histology reports were then reviewed and bivariate and logistic regression used to compare the pathological features between these groups. RESULTSOf 406 patients, 374 had evaluable data; 70% of men with urinary retention had ACI, vs 45% of those with LUTS ( P < 0.001). On logistic regression, the pathological factors associated with TURP for acute retention compared to that for LUTS were ACI, old age, and resection weight to a lesser degree. CONCLUSIONInflammation appears to be important in the pathogenesis and progression of BPH. In this study, the risk of urinary retention due to BPH was significantly greater in men with ACI than in those without, and the association of TURP for retention with ACI was stronger than that with prostate weight. This finding might offer new avenues for the medical treatment of men with LUTS due to BPH.

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