Production of biodiesel from microalgae can be categorized as a symbiotic engineering solution focusing on energy and environmental problems. This review presents a collection of recent methods adopted for the production of biodiesel from microalgae. Microalgae are tiny cell factories which yield a large quantity of biomass by employing different methods of cultivation and using different types of harvesting techniques. Different strategies like nutrient starvation and micronutrient supplementation for hyper lipid accumulation to produce biodiesel for competing with the high market demand for fossil fuel are discussed. The use of different cultivation techniques for increasing the algal biomass in the recent scenario is focused. Also, improvement in the design strategies of bioreactors like the open pond, photobioreactors, and hybrid systems is included in the review. Further, diverse technologies for lipid improvement, including manipulating the bioprocess parameters and genetic engineering, are addressed. Also, microalgae for biorefinery approaches solve pollution problems, and its biomass can be used for biodiesel production which is elaborated in detail. The possibility of production of biodiesel from microalgae at a larger scale by overcoming the main bottlenecks in different steps of algal growth like high biomass cultivation, investment factor, and implementation of biorefinery approaches to address the current energy demand is also proposed.

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AimTo compare the periodontal status in relation to the lower anteriors of patients between labial and lingual orthodontic therapy. Materials and methodsThe study includes a total of 20 patients in the age group of 20-30 years. All the included patients were selected with limited lower anterior crowding within 0-8 mm. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: labial (n=10) and lingual (n=10) fixed orthodontic therapy. The periodontal status was evaluated using three indices, plaque index, calculus index, and gingival index, at two different treatment intervals -the first month and the third month -of orthodontic treatment. ResultsThe values of all the three indices at both time intervals were tabulated. There was no statistical significance when compared to the values in the first month. In the third month, all three indices were statistically significant for both labial and lingual therapy (p<0.001). The lingual appliance had more plaque and calculus accumulation. ConclusionTherefore, the study proves that the lingual surface of patients undergoing lingual orthodontic treatment exhibits more plaque and calculus deposition, thereby the weakening of the periodontal status.