From the early Miocene, the uplift of the Andes Mountains, intense volcanic activity and the occurrence of successive periods of dryness and humidity would have differentially influenced the modification of Altiplano watersheds, and consequently the evolutionary history of the taxa that live there. We analyzed Orestias populations from the Caquena and Lauca Altiplanic sub-basins of northern Chile to determine their genetic differentiation and relationship to their geographical distribution using mitochondrial (D-loop) and nuclear (microsatellite) molecular markers and to reconstruct its biogeographic history on these sub-basins. The results allowed reconstructing and reevaluating the evolutionary history of the genus in the area; genic diversity and differentiation together with different founding genetic groups suggest that Orestias have been spread homogeneously in the study area and would have experienced local disturbances that promoted isolation and diversification in restricted zones of their distribution.

High Andean freshwater ecosystems are highly threatened by scarce water availability, species invasion, and global climate change, so generating knowledge about their ecological characteristics is extremely important for conservation decision-making. In this work, the seasonal variations and relationships between physico-chemical variables and the structure and composition of the macroinvertebrate community were analyzed considering “season”, “type of ecosystem” and “site” factors. Five sites of representative ecosystems at Lauca River Basin of the Chilean Altiplano were sampled, two of them lentic and three lotic. Two field-sampling periods within a year according to the pre- and post-rain seasons characteristic of the Altiplano climate were considered. Thirty-five taxa were identified, and it was observed that the taxa Orthocladiinae, Austrelmis sp., Hyallela cf kochi, Podonominae and Helicopsychidae were indicator taxa that contributed the most to differences among sites or ecosystems (≥ 10 %.). No significant differences were found in the alpha diversity indicators used, except for some abundance values and Pielou’s Evenness index (J´), which varied significantly between lotic and lentic systems. The results of the ordination analysis showed a significant differentiation considering physical and chemical variables and macroinvertebrates assemblages that responded to “sites” (ANOSIM R Global = 0.64, p = 0.001) and “type of ecosystem” factors (ANOSIM R Global = 0.31, p = 0.02). The “season” factor was not statistically significant to explain the variability of biological data (ANOSIM R Global = -0.003, p = 0.47) and was slight and marginally significant with the physical and chemical data (ANOSIM R Global = 0.1, p = 0.04). In addition, the linear redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that physico-chemical variables related to hardness, temperature, phosphorous, and nitrogen explained most of the variance in the biological data (the first two canonical axes RDA1 and RDA2 explained 45.23 % of the total variation, p = 0.004). These results support the relevance of local conditions for high altitude wetlands and how those environmental characteristics can be reflected in the macroinvertebrate assemblages that inhabit them.