Objectives: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common problems in women, and important reason for visiting primary care physicians, resulting in substantial financial burden to community. The aim of this study was to determine the resistance rates of E. coli to commonly prescribed antimicrobial drugs for community-acquired UTIs in women and to establish the association between age and resistance to antibiotics among isolates of E. coli from urine. Methods: The study was designed as a retrospective cross-sectional study during the 5-years period. It was conducted on a sample of urinary tract isolates of E. coli taken from women with community-acquired UTIs. After prevalence of E. coli resistance to antibiotics was established, the analysis of risk factors for emergence of resistance was conducted. Results: There were 10,734 isolates of E. coli, comprising 70.62% of all samples analyzed. E. coli was the most frequently resistant to ampicillin (54.68%), followed by trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (37.46%), first and second generation cephalosporins (cephalexin and cefaclor) (29.53% both), and ciprofloxacin (23.80%). Less than 50% of E. coli isolates was sensitive to all three tested antibiotics, and nearly 13% acquired tripleresistance. Prevalence of isolates resistant to two or three agents was higher in the subgroup of women older than 65 years. Conclusions: Empirical choice of antimicrobial agent for community-acquired non-complicated UTIs in women should be individualized on the basis of the patient's age, prevalence of resistance in the local community, and compliance history of the patient.

Introduction: The aim of the study was to investigate prevalence of bacteria most frequently associated with bacterial vaginosis using Amsel’s criteria as well as to quantify these bacteria by real-time PCR and to explore the difference in their quantity between healthy and bacterial vaginosis samples. Methodology: For classification of vaginal discharge samples Amsel’s criteria have been used. To detect and quantify Gardnerella vaginalis Atopobium vaginae, Lactobacillus spp. and total vaginal microbiome, real-time PCR has been applied. Results: According to results of our study Amsel’s criteria matched well with real-time PCR diversification of healthy women and women with BV. Nevertheless, real-time PCR has been more sensitive in diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. DNA quantification of bacteria demonstrated that mutual abundance of G.vaginalis and A. vaginae was good bacterial vaginosis marker . On the contrary, Lactobacillus spp. was present in high amount in both healthy and bacterial vaginosis samples, but ratio of investigated bacteria was different between them. In fact, G. vaginalis and A. vaginae comprised only 0.1% of total microbiome in healthy, whereas Lactobacillus spp. took 99.3% of it. Nonetheless, in bacterial vaginosis, G. vaginalis and A. vaginae made up 34.4% of total microbiome, while Lactobacillus spp. was 21.6%. Conclusions: According to the results of our study real-time PCR analysis was more sensitive in diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis than Amsel’s method, as well as it represented fine tool in making a difference between microbial entities in healthy and bacterial vaginosis samples.

UVODinfekcija urinarnog trakta je jedna od najčešćih prezentacija infekcije u opštoj medicinskoj praksi. Svake godine, širom sveta, se dijagnostikuje oko 150 miliona ljudi sa infekcijom urinarnog trakta (bilo da se radi o komplikovanoj bilo o nekomplikovanoj infekciji) (1). nekomplikovana urinarna infekcija je češća kod seksualno aktivnih mlađih žena sa anatomo-fiziološki normalnim urinarnim traktom, dok se komplikovana infekcija češće sreće kod osoba koje imaju neku drugu bolest (prolongirana upotreba antibiotika, dijabetes),

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Introduction/Aim: Urinary tract infections are one of the most common infections in primary healthcare. The aim of this study was the microbiological analysis of urine of infirmary patients at the Institute of Public Health in Kragujevac during the six-month period (1 st November 2020 -30th April 2021). Methods: Causes of urinary tract infections were identified retrospectively, according to the collected data, and their sensitivity to antibiotics was determined with the help of antibiogram method. Results: A six-month analysis of urine samples of infirmary patients included 4809 urine samples. Of all analyzed samples, 1218 (25.3%) were positive to pathogens. The commonest urinary tract pathogens in the examined period were the following: Escherichia coli 842 (69.1%), Klebsiella spp. 252 (20.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 71 (5.8%) and Enterococcus group 53 (4.4%). E. coli was more frequent in women (82.7%), while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was more frequent in men (76.1%). Klebsiella spp. and Enterococcus spp. were almost equally present in men and women. First-choice drugs in the treatment of urinary infections would be the following: for E. coli amikacin (aminoglycoside) and fosfomycin, and for Klebsiella spp. meropenem (carbapenem) and also amikacin. As far as P. aeruginosa is concerned, meropenem was shown to be the most efficient, as well as the penicillin antibiotic piperacillin-tazobactam. Conclusion: Considering that uropathogens possess mechanisms for the development of resistance, the treatment should include antibiotics depending on the results of antibiogram.