Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a prominent cause of death worldwide, posing a threat to the global economy and public health. A mechanism that causes the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) is associated with metabolic abnormalities. Various processes are involved in oxidative stress (OS) of lipoprotein. Although the concept of the syndrome has been fiercely debated, this confluence of risk factors is associated with a higher chance of acquiring type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and atherosclerosis. Insulin resistance has been found to play a significant role in the progression of these metabolism-associated conditions. It causes lipid profile abnormalities, including greater sensitivity to lipid peroxidation, contributing to the increased prevalence of T2DM and atherosclerosis. This review aims to cover the most recent scientific developments in dietary OS, the consequence of metabolic disorders, and their most significant clinical manifestations (T2DM and atherosclerosis). It will also emphasize the effects of dietary approaches in alleviating OS in MS.

Scrapie is a neurodegenerative prion disease of sheep, goats and mouflons, belonging to the group of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), which affects humans as well. Even though classical scrapie has been known for over 250 years, the 1985 BSE crisis related to the advent of new forms of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans imposed the implementation of rapid coercive legal measures of prevention, control and eradication of TSEs. According to the prion hypothesis, the transmissible agent is the pathological isoform (PrP Sc ) of cellular prion protein (PrP C ). Specific polymorphisms of the gene that encodes cell prion protein (PrnP) in sheep have been associated with resistance / natural susceptibility to the development and progression of the disease. Combinations of alleles at three adjacent codons (136 [A/V], 154 [H/R], 171 [H/Q/R]) underpin the classification of 15 possible genotypes in risk classes, applicable in selection schemes where the maximum resistance is conferred by ARR allele, and the minimum by the VRQ allele. Although, after applying these programmes, the genetic structure of sheep populations has changed favourably, genotype association studies showed that no genotype is completely resistant to the infection, including homozygote ARR / ARR. With the discovery of atypical scrapie (Nor98), it became evident that the connection between the genetics of prion protein gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to the disease must be re-evaluated individually for each breed. In scrapie monitoring and control programmes, three diagnostic categories of the disease are observed: classical scrapie, atypical scrapie and BSE scrapie in small ruminant. This review shows the chronology of progress in the fight for the eradication of TSEs in sheep, 30 years after the BSE epidemic outburst, focusing especially on the link between the molecular diagnostic forms and the genetics of the disease.

The content of α S1 -casein in goat milk varies in wide limits from an individual to another (0-7.2 g/L) due to the complex genetic polymorphism of this protein. Between the 18 genetic variants (alleles) there are big differences concerning the expression level of this protein in milk (Grosclaude et al., 1987;Mahe et al., 1994;Caroli et al., 2006). The aim of this paper was to report the average values and phenotypical correlations of the qualitative parameters of goat milk (the content of fat, protein, casein, lactose, unfatty dry matter) function of genotypes identi ied at α S1 -casein locus by the isoelectric focusing technique (IEF). The average values of the analyzed parameters are different function of genotype, the biggest values being recorded in homozygous AA genotype, and the smallest in the homozygous FF genotype. The most numerous positive correlations, intense and signi icant between the qualitative milk parameters are recorded in homozygous AA genotype. In conclusion, allele A from the CSN1S1 locus, which codi ies α S1 -casein in goat has advantages in genetic markers assisted selection (MAS).

Pigs were among the irst domesticated animal species after dog, sheep and goats, this important step for mankind dating from late Paleolithic and early Neolithic. Thus current forms of domestic swine are based on wild pigs, the most representative of them are the Asian wild boar and European wild boar. This statement is supported by the fact that the forms of domestic pigs and wild boars can carry interspeci ic crosses, resulting fruitful hybrids. Based on these arguments take shape the purpose of this scienti ic papers, to make a comparison between the skull bones of the wild boar and domestic pig, as a result of different environmental conditions in which they formed, they lived and were consolidated during phylogenetic evolution in Transylvania region. For this purpouse 52 craniometric measurements were carried to 20 individuals adult males over the age of 4 years, 10 males of wild boar and 10 males of domestic pig specimens belonging to indigenous breeds of pigs. Further processing of data (GraphPad Prism 6) revealed the existence of signi icant and highly signi icant differences between craniometric features of wild boar and domestic pigs.

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