Antimicrobial resistance is one of the leading challenges in the human healthcare segment. Advances in antimicrobial resistance has trigger to explore naturally occurring alternatives to stabilize its seriousness. Antimicrobial peptides are small positively charged oligopeptides and are equally potent as that of commercially available antibiotics against broad class of organisms such as Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, viruses and fungal strains. Along with this, they possess anticancerous activity, activates immune response and regulates inflammation. Peptides have discrete mode of action and fall into various categories due to their amino acid composition. Although Antimicrobial peptides specifically target bacterial cytoplasmic membrane but they can also target their nucleus and protein synthesis as well. Due to increasing demand of novel treatment therapy against brooding antimicrobial resistance, naturally synthesized peptides are a beneficial concept of development. Antimicrobial peptides are pervasive and can be easily modified using de-novo synthesis technology. Antimicrobial peptides can be isolated from natural resources such as humans, plants, bacteria and fungi. This review gives a brief over antimicrobial peptides and its diastereomeric composition. Further current trends and future scope associated with antimicrobial peptides and role of D-amino acids is also discussed with specific emphasis on the design and development of new drugs.

The present work demonstrates the development of hydroxyapatite (HA)/gold (Au) nanocomposites to increase the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye from the wastewater. HA nanopowder was prepared via a wet chemical precipitation method by means of Ca(OH)2 and H3PO4 as starting materials. The biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has been reported for the first time by using the plant extract of Acrocarpus fraxinifolius. Finally, the as-prepared HA nanopowder was mixed with an optimized AuNPs solution to produce HA/Au nanocomposite. The prepared HA/Au nanocomposite was studied by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX) analysis. Adsorption studies were executed by batch experiments on the synthesized composite. The effect of the amount of adsorbent, pH, dye concentration and temperature was studied. Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were used to fit the kinetic data and the kinetic modeling results reflected that the experimental data is perfectly matched with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The dye adsorbed waste materials have also been investigated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus luteus, and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria by the agar well diffusion method. The inhibition zones of dye adsorbed samples are more or less the same as compared to as-prepared samples. The results so obtained indicates the suitability of the synthesized sample to be exploited as an adsorbent for effective treatment of MB dye from wastewater and dye adsorbed waste as an effective antibacterial agent from an economic point of view.

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