Paratyphoid fever has been emerged as a global public health problem, especially in developing countries. There should be a consistent monitoring of the isolation throughout the countries to analyze the spectrum of the Salmonella enteric serovar Paratyphi. This study examined current isolation pattern of Salmonella Paratyphi A, B and C over a period of 6 years at National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre (NSEC), Central Research Institute (C.R.I), Kasauli. Miscellaneous suspected cultures of Salmonella had been received from various regions of India during six years span of January 2010-December 2015. These samples were characterized by biotyping as well as serotyping at NSEC situated at Central Research Institute, Kasauli. Isolates were serotyped on the basis of somatic O and phase 1 and phase 2 flagellar antigens by agglutination tests with antisera according to the Kauffmann White scheme. Out of 71 isolates of Salmonella enterica, 51 (71.830%) were Salmonella Paratyphi A, 16 (22.532%) were Salmonella Paratyphi B and 4 (5.633%) Salmonella Paratyphi C. Among total 71 samples of Salmonella Paratyphi, 11.267% were obtained from North India while 88.732% cases were from South India. 81.96% samples were isolated from blood while rest of samples were from feces, urine, pus etc. Increasing rates of antibiotic resistance among S. enterica, particularly in Salmonella Paratyphi A strains, is of concern, as Salmonella Paratyphi A infection is becoming increasingly common and is not prevented by current vaccinations. This study caters the Salmonella Paratyphi A, B, C characterization by biotyping and serotyping status in various regions of India irrespective of their co-relation to the region of isolation, source of sample isolation, types of isolates including their age, gender and season during period of 2010 to 2015 across India.

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The present study offers the status of ongoing surveillance influenza at National Influenza Surveillance Centre (NISC), Central Research Institute (CRI), Kasauli for the emergence and consistency of influenza strains for current as well as over a period of three decades in Solan, Himachal Pradesh. From 1980 to 2015, various clinical centers of Himachal reported counts of influenza-like illness (fever including cough or sore throat). During these years, the respiratory specimens of 6581 patients showing influenza-like illness were collected. The incidence of visits had been calculated for influenza-like illness using the size of the patient population, and the incidence attributable to influenza was extrapolated from the proportion of patients with positive tests. Up to 2008 the egg inoculation method was used for the isolation and detection of influenza strains but in 2009 a RT-PCR equipped, fabricated BSL-3 laboratory was implanted at CRI for the isolation and detection of influenza strains. The reagents, primers and probes were supplied by NCDC, Delhi. Since 1980, 319 influenza isolates has been identified and isolated at NISC. Among these 282 were isolated by egg propagation method while 37 were processed by RT-PCR. Influenza incidence varied with age groups and by season after the pandemic of 2009 influenza A, H1N1. High levels of influenza virus circulation, especially in young children, emphasize the need for additional efforts to increase the uptake of influenza vaccines and anti-virals.

Influenza virus is epidemiologically very important due to the antigenic variations occurring in it. In present study isolation and identification of influenza virus was attempted from Kasauli and adjoining areas. 71 clinical samples i.e. throat washings were processed and inoculated into the eggs for virus isolation. The isolated strains of H3N2, H1N1 and Influenza B were identified, purified and passaged in eggs. The harvested virus was inactivated by 0.03 % formalin and three formulations of crude, inactivated, whole virus monovalent vaccine for H3N2, H1N1 and influenza B as well as a trivalent vaccine was prepared. The immunogenicity study of the vaccine was performed in the mouse model by using varying dilutions of four types of vaccines for a period of 40 days. The impact of booster dose was also analyzed in the study. A significant seroconversion was observed in the mice sera verifying that the monovalent and trivalent lots of influenza vaccine were antigenically effective based on the serological tests.

In connectivity to the introduction of frequent epidemics of influenza A (H3N2, H1N1), the Influenza Surveillance Projects has monitored the burden of influenza in the outpatients through population-based surveillance. WHO is playing an active role by keeping an eye on status of seasonal as well as epidemic strains of influenza by its surveillance throughout the world. The present study offers the status of ongoing surveillance influenza at National Influenza Surveillance Centre (NISC), Central Research Institute (CRI), Kasauli for the emergence and consistency of influenza strains for current as well as over a period of three decades in Solan, Himachal Pradesh. From 1980 to 2015, various clinical centers of Himachal reported counts of influenza-like illness (fever including cough or sore throat). During these years, the respiratory specimens of 6581 patients showing influenza-like illness were collected. The incidence of visits had been calculated for influenza-like illness using the size of the patient population, and the incidence attributable to influenza was extrapolated from the proportion of patients with positive tests. Up to 2008 the egg inoculation method was used for the isolation and detection of influenza strains but in 2009 a RT-PCR equipped, fabricated BSL-3 laboratory was implanted at CRI for the isolation and detection of influenza strains. The reagents, primers and probes were supplied by NCDC, Delhi. Since 1980, 319 influenza isolates has been identified and isolated at NISC. Among these 282 were isolated by egg propagation method while 37 were processed by RT-PCR. Influenza incidence varied with age groups and by season after the pandemic of 2009 influenza A, H1N1. High levels of influenza virus circulation, especially in young Children, emphasize the need for additional efforts to increase the uptake of influenza vaccines and anti-viral. The continuous surveillance and monitoring of influenza strains is necessary to keep a check on the highly variable influenza strains to avoid the deadly incidents of influenza pandemics. In current scenario RT-PCR method is successful and appropriate method for the influenza surveillance.