Objectives: To describe the rationale for subcutaneous (SC) administration of antibiotics from available published data and to make propositions to help clinicians in daily practice. Design: Narrative review. Setting and Participants: Hospitalized patients, persons in long-term care facilities and ambulatory care. Methods: We searched the MEDLINE/PubMed electronic database for evidence supporting SC administration of antibiotics up to September 2019; the results of this primary search were supplemented by searching the references of the identified articles, as well as by searching in Google Scholar. Results: Regarding tolerability, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles, most studies suggest that the SC route could be an alternative to the intravenous route, particularly for timedependent antibiotics and among certain patient populations, such as patients with poor venous access, swallowing disorders, or behavioral disturbance. However, clinical evidence of the benefits and risks of SC antibiotic administration is still scarce and of low level. Conclusions and Implications: SC administration of antibiotics may be useful in various settings such as in hospitalized patients and among those in long-term care facilities or being cared for at home. However, further clinical studies are needed to assess the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, as well as the risks and benefits of SC administration of antibiotics. In this review, we highlight the potential benefits of SC administration of antibiotics and address practical recommendations for its use. This information will enable improvement of treatment strategies and present the SC route as a potential option in specific situations.
<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Even though several studies reported good resilience capacities in older adults in the first period of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, in the long run, social isolation induced by the protective measures adopted by most countries may negatively impact cognitive functioning. Taking the advantage of measures collected up to 15 years before the pandemic in participants followed up in epidemiological studies, we compared cognitive decline before and after the start of the pandemic. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> PA-COVID is a phone survey designed in the framework of ongoing population-based studies (PAQUID, 3-City, Approche Multidisciplinaire Intégrée cohorts). Data on social functioning and mental health were collected in participants aged 80 years and older during the pandemic. Prior to the pandemic, the participants followed up in the prospective studies completed the Mini-Mental State Examination. During the PA-COVID survey, they underwent the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. A score was computed with the 11 items shared by the 2 tests. Our analysis was carried out in the participants for whom a cognitive measure was available up to 15 years before the pandemic and during the pandemic (<i>n</i> = 263). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Compared to the slow decline of the cognitive subscore observed during the 15 years preceding the pandemic, mixed models showed an acceleration of decline after the start of the pandemic (β = −0.289, <i>p</i> value <0.001). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> With a design allowing comparing cognitive trajectory before and after the pandemic, this is the first study reporting an accelerated decline in older adults. Future COVID research in older adults will need to pay special attention to cognitive outcomes.
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