SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT Objectives To compare GI problems among children with: 1) autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 2) developmental delay (DD) and 3) typical development (TD). Methods In 960 children from the CHildhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment (CHARGE) study, we assessed GI symptom frequency. We examined scores on five Aberrant Behavior Checklist subscales comparing ASD children with high vs. low frequency GI symptoms. Results Compared to TD children, those with ASD (aOR 7.92[4.89–12.85]) and DD (aOR 4.55 [2.51–8.24]) were more likely to have at least one frequent GI symptom. Restricting to ASD children, those with frequent abdominal pain, gaseousness, diarrhea, constipation or pain on stooling scored worse on Irritability, Social Withdrawal, Stereotypy, and Hyperactivity compared with children having no frequent GI symptoms. Conclusions Frequent GI problems affect young children with ASD and DD more commonly than those with TD. Maladaptive behaviors correlate with GI problems, suggesting these comorbidities require attention.

Both food assistance and education on nutrition and resource management are needed to reduce food insecurity in SNAP-eligible audiences.

Objective Urolithin A (UroA) is a major metabolite of ellagic acid produced following microbial catabolism in the gut. Emerging evidence has suggested that UroA modulates energy metabolism in various cells. However, UroA’s physiological functions related to obesity and insulin resistance remain unclear. Methods Male mice were intraperitoneally administrated either UroA or dimethyl sulfoxide (vehicle) along with a high‐fat diet for 12 weeks. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated via glucose and insulin tolerance tests and acute insulin signaling. The effects of UroA on hepatic triglyceride accumulation, adipocyte size, mitochondrial DNA content, and proinflammatory gene expressions were determined. The impact of UroA on macrophage polarization and mitochondrial respiration were assessed in bone marrow–derived macrophages. Results Administration of UroA (1) improved systemic insulin sensitivity, (2) attenuated triglyceride accumulation and elevated mitochondrial biogenesis in the liver, (3) reduced adipocyte hypertrophy and macrophage infiltration into the adipose tissue, and (4) altered M1/M2 polarization in peritoneal macrophages. In addition, UroA favored macrophage M2 polarization and mitochondrial respiration in bone marrow‐derived macrophages. Conclusions UroA plays a direct role in improving systemic insulin sensitivity independent of its parental compounds. This work supports UroA’s role in the metabolic benefits of ellagic acid–rich foods and highlights the significance of its microbial transformation in the gut.

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