Tridimensional polymers are mutually incompatible and a solution is the formation of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN’s). In order to obtain optically transparent plaques, the polyurethane (PU), polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA) and sílica (SiO2) were syntetized and we obtained the best conditions of reaction for each material. We sintetized the binary networks and the ternary ones with different percentage from sílica were obtained, incorporating to the system 10% in weight of sílica, carrying out a curing in situ in mass. The interest of this work lies in the association of an inorganic network (SiO2) to two organic networks PU and PMMA. In order to reduce the phase separation that occurs in the PU, PMMA and SiO2 system, coupling agents of organic/inorganic nature were introduced. Optically transparent plaques were obtained using trimethoxysilyl propyl methacrylate and isocyanatopropyl triethoxy silane. The materials were characterized by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy, verifying the presence of representative functional groups in each of the samples. The purpose of incorporating these materials to a single network is the improvement of the mechanical, optical and thermal properties of the organic polymers.

Polymers of organic-inorganic origin are incompatible by nature and a proposal to solve this behavior is the formation of Interpenetrated Polymeric Networks (IPN) using coupling agents. Coupling agents make it possible to create a crosslinking between the phases present that provides better mechanical, optical and thermal properties. These materials are known as Hybrid Networks. To obtain optically transparent materials, individual networks of Polyurethane (PU), Methyl Polyacrylate (PMMA) and Silica (SiO2) were used. Binary and ternary networks were synthesized using bulk polymerization incorporating SiO2 up to 10% by weight. In this research, coupling agents such as Trimethoxysilyl Propyl Methacrylate (MSMA) and Isocyanotopropyl Triethoxy Silane (IPTS) were introduced to the ternary networks in order to reduce the phase separation that occurs in these systems. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) studies demonstrated the presence of functional groups of binary and ternary networks. On the other hand, the thermogravimetric tests (TGA) carried out on hybrid IPN´s with coupling agents, presented greater thermal stability and better optical properties, providing the new IPN´s with the opportunity to have promising applications.

Carry out a spectroscopic study of various materials of organic origin, specifically residues from various processes, both biological and agro-industrial, in order to study their structural characteristics in their main functional groups, since their nature can determine the viability of a process of recycling to obtain new products. Some of the organic materials studied were of great importance because these materials can be susceptible to transformation through various processes such as thermochemical, biological, and biochemical transformation. Leaf samples from the Moringa plant (Moringa Oleifera), orange peels (Citrus sinensis), as well as leachate from the vermicomposting process of the Californian red worm (Eisenia foetida) were analyzed. The results obtained indicate a different composition, but in turn, show similarity in some specific bands, such as carboxylic acids, OH groups, methyl groups, as well as some aromatic groups in the case of citrus fruits. The importance of this research lies in the fact in the study of the transformation processes of these wastes, for future applications.

The oil spills in the oceans have caused severe damage, many of these are irreversible generating the loss of marine ecosystems, such is the case of the British Petroleum company in 2010. Therefore, there is a need to produce materials that contain or prevent the spread of the hydrocarbon in the ocean, in addition to being able to recover the crude oil quickly and effectively. Various materials have been designed focused on environmental remediation, specifically in the treatment of contaminated water. In this work, organogelling materials were synthesized from alkoxides such as Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate and the alkyl halides 1-bromohexadecane and 1-bromotetradecane, all of them analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy. In addition, gelation tests were performed in protic, aprotic and fatty acid solvents. Organogels, have a solid appearance at the nanoscale and extends into a liquid phase. Consequently, if there is a close contact between the solvent and the nanogel structure, a highly effective surface is obtained, providing a kind of solid phase in contact with highly polluting liquids. The importance of this work lies in the feasibility of using oligomers as removers or sequestrants of unwanted contaminants in effluents.

The criteria for selecting the methods that allow the calculation of pollutant emissions, establish that monitoring and direct measurements are preferably carried out at the sources. The drawback lies in the high costs in time and money, the difficulty in accessing the sampling points and the need for a physical, technical and specialized human resources infrastructure. On the other hand, there are indirect methods based on emission factors, activity rates, estimation using historical data, material balance, engineering calculations and mathematical emission models. In this work, the design of an instrument to measure environmental quality is presented.