No abstract

Tide pools are important environments for several fish species, as they offer essential resources such as shelter and food. Thus, understanding the relationships of the ichthyofauna with the habitat structural characteristics in tide pools is important to understand the distribution patterns of fish assemblages in shallow environments. This study investigated how the habitat structure in tide pools influences the reef fish assemblages in Southwestern Atlantic (Bahia, Brazil). During 17 months, tidal pools were evaluated through visual censuses aiming to sampling the ichthyofauna, and additionally, variables of the structural characteristics of the pools (depth, area, volume, rugosity, etc.) were measured. By using multiple statistical modeling approaches, we found that there were significant differences in diversity, abundance, and species richness at the interaction between time and space factors, with higher averages of the three variables during the warmer months across all reef banks. Moreover, at local spatial scale, greater coral‐dominated and complex pools harbored higher fish species and diversity, while algae cover was most important in shaping fish numbers. The most important variables in the structuring of the fish assemblages were the pool volume, distance from the edge of the reef, and habitat complexity, confirming our hypothesis. Resident fish species were found in pools near the out reef edge, while occasional and transient species were found in pools closer to the inland sea. Our study highlights the multi‐scale role of habitat characteristics as predictors of the fish assemblage structure in these extremely variable environments and emphasizes the need to protect these fragile and overexploited tidal pools.

Background Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate is indicated for the treatment of breakthrough pain in adults with cancer who are already receiving maintenance opioid therapy for chronic cancer pain. Purpose To evaluate off-label transmucosal fentanyl citrate use for bone fracture alignment in children. Materials and methods In December of 2010 the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee approved a protocol for off-label transmucosal fentanyl citrate use for bone fracture alignment in children older than 3 years old. A retrospective, observational study was carried out December 2010 through October 2011. Inclusion criteria were an ASA (American Society of Anaesthesiologists) physical status 1 or 2 and a body ≥12 kg. Dose to be administered depends on the patient's weight: Between 12 and 22 kg: 200 mcg For patients >23 kg: 400 mcg. Dose can be repeated if it is not effective. The sedoanalgesia is evaluated by Wong-Baker faces pain rating scale and numeric pain rating scale before and after the process. Vital signs like glasgow, hart rate, respiratory drive and oxygen saturation are evaluated during the process. Children's parents must be informed and provide informed consent Results 15 childrens were treated with transmucosal fentanyl during a fracture alignment, 11 boys and 4 girls, the average age of those patients were 8, 26 years old (3–13). Before the process 10/15 patients had between 6 and 10 points in numeric pain rating scale, the rest of them had four or less points. The average pain reduction were 5, 1 points (0–8) – this date were not evaluated in four patients. There was no significant changes in any patient vital signs during and after medication. Only 1/15 patient presented an adverse reaction, with vomiting 60 min after transmucosal fentanyl administration. Conclusions Transmucosal fentanyl analgesia for bone fracture alignment in children could be used as an alternative to other pain medications. It is necessary a larger study to establish an effective dose and to observe its safety use.

The mean value obtained in the questionnaire was 0.71 ± 0.19. Conclusions As has been shown in previous studies, the two dimensions of EuroQoL-5D that most affected the QoL were pain/ discomfort and anxiety/depression. No conflict of interest. Expanding thE involvEmEnt of pharmacy SErvicES via computEriSEd mEdical filES