Automated systems are becoming increasingly prevalent in our environment. This leads to a new tasks repartition between the human operator and automation. Understanding human-machine cooperation including potential failures has become a hot topic. In this study we focus on a possible negative consequence of automation: the complacency phenomenon. This phenomenon has been repeatedly observed in dynamic situations in which automation execute an action in order to relieve the human operator from his/her activity. In static task, automation often serves to simplify/pre-process the data and not to directly make a decision. The goal of automation in a static task (like planning) is to optimize an external representation and allow the human operator to make his choices more easily. The Eye Tracker is used to understand human behaviors and their strategies in these static situations. The purpose of this study is therefore to compare complacency to "action execution" from complacency to "data simplification". We confronted 96 participants to these two automation types on the Multi Attribute Task Battery. We also manipulated four levels of automation reliability (0%; 56.25%; 87.5%, 100%). In all these conditions we assessed complacency through the detection rate of automation failure. In addition, we used an eye tracker to assess a potential low level of suspicion regarding automation failure.

Road Freight Transport (RFT) companies represent 37,200 companies and roughly 420,000 employees. This sector is confronted by strong competition and growing pressure from customers and suppliers, tight delivery times, exacerbated flexibility, etc. In parallel, they are required to fulfill performance duties in terms of preventing risks of occupational accidents and diseases. In 2016, CNAM statistics reports 70 deaths per year, 3,000,000 work days lost, an average 6 work days lost per employee, an index of frequency (73‰). The planner builds the transport rounds by integrating at best all dimensions (regulation, economic, environmental and prevention of health and safety of their employees). In this context, the Smart Planning project aims to develop a computer system to help create more balanced planning. The purpose of this paper is to present the first results. It proposes, with an ergonomic analysis, to identify the prescribed and tacit constraints manipulated by the planners in two companies. A questionnaire is drawn up to validate and enrich the data on the health and safety dimension. This study is not a business case; it is ergonomic analysis to validate different determinants identified (health and safety) and investigates the assessment of these determinants and their possible consideration during planning.

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The Road Transport and Logistics sector is subjected to strong competitive pressures within continuous changing socioeconomic and regulatory contexts. These constraints have led companies in this sector to resort extensively to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT); these tools have both positive and negative effects on work conditions. Our hypothesis is that these effects depend on user ICT implementation, which is broadly determined by corporate organisation and management instructions. The aim of this study is to test this hypothesis in two companies organised differently (lean-type vs learning type) with an ICT since the last ten years, within an employee health and safety prevention scope. The main results reveal various effects related to using ICT. Weakening of inter-personnel relationships and a redistribution of interactions between operators were observed at company organised according to "lean-type organisation", while high pace of work and activity segmentation were noted in both organisations. Nevertheless, these preliminary results need to be confirmed with further studies involving others type of organisations.