This paper tackles the complex nature of the concept of enthusiasm in three distinct moments of Kant’s thought. It pervades along the different evolutionary periods of the critical philosophy, both as a symptom of the most ugly features of human condition and as a sign of the way human beings are invited and commanded to take part in the process of fulfîlling the tasks and promises of a moral rational world order.
The exponential acceleration of the global environmental and climate crisis is becoming an imminent and dangerous existential threat to the sheer survival of humankind. The origins of this unique menacing predicament are deeply rooted in the culture developed in the cradle of European Modernity. It is a culture of utilitarianism, fuelled by an uncritical faith in the unlimited performance of technology in changing the material world. The essence of Modernity was a triumvirate—built upon the congruence between the sovereign State, the techno-science establishment, and the globalised market economy. This power-triangle commodified nature and created a pragmatic and operative fragmentary world culture that brought us to the crossroads we are now entangled in. As a result, International Law does not correctly address the prior theoretical structural problem of the existence of “global commons” that span across borders, or the intergenerational character of the concept of ‘humanity’. Global commons have always been understood only as geographical leftover territories outside political borders.Recognition of the intangible value of the ‘software’ of the Earth system and legal acknowledgement of a stable climate as a Common Heritage of Humankind will be the locus upon which an urgently needed system for management and permanent maintenance can be built, which will be essential to steer the Anthropocene wisely. This new space without enclosed territory should be the new object of global governance, and the seminal concept for a new culture of the global commons.
A paisagem enquanto objecto da reflexão filosófica pode ser considerada como um dos modos mais recentes da filosofia da natureza. É difícil, e talvez inutilmente arriscado, procurar uma excessiva precisão no que concerne ao nascimento de uma moderna reflexão sobre a paisagem. Julgo, contudo, que as características fundamentais da meditação sobre a paisagem são inseparáveis do processo de constituição do sistema de valores, saberes e instituições da sociedade tecnocientífica que nos serve de inquietante pátria civilizacional.Quando na primeira metade do século XVIII Albrecht von Haller publicou o seu poema Die Alpen, celebrizando a beleza das grandes montanhas e o benefício moral para os seres humanos do convívio com elas, estava dado o mote que seria alargado e aprofundado pelo movimento romântico na sua variedade de escolas e tendências. O mesmo movimento da modernidade, que nas filosofias de Bacon e Descartes tinha construído as suas poderosas armas de guerra para a dominação tecnológica da natureza, transformada -pelo menos nos grandes contornos da nova ontologia cartesiana -numa res extensa nua de espiritualidade, começava, agora, com o advento do surto das grandes metrópoles e dos primeiros odores pestilentos da combustão do carvão, a procurar, através da categoria e da temática da paisagem, restaurar uma relação mais harmoniosa com a natureza e os seus mistérios aparentemente em vias de desaparecimento.A reflexão sobre a paisagem, na variedade dos seus matizes e perspectivas, e em termos muito gerais, poderá considerar-se como uma acompanhante crítica do processo de «desencantamento do mundo» (die Entzauberung der Welt), recorrendo à acutilante fórmula com que Max Weber descrevia o seu e o nosso tempos. No essencial gostaria, neste brevíssimo ensaio, de destacar duas figuras da reflexão sobre a paisagem. Em ambos os casos o que está em causa é a procura do autoconhecimento e da identidade. Na primeira figura, a contemplação da paisagem serve de veículo e de meio para a experiência interior. Tratase de uma espécie de imitação moderna da labuta interior dos místicos medievais, só que a transcendência visada pelo comércio solitário com as montanhas, os bosques ou as praias desertas não coincide já com os predicados ----------------1 Professor Associado com Agregação,
Although it is important to communicate scientific knowledge, it seems that this assumption is even more evident when it comes to environment-related themes, which have gained more relevance in the public sphere in the last decades. This article evaluates the spectacularization techniques of technology and science displayed as if they were the only solution to the environmental crisis. Firstly, from a literature perspective, this article shows the evolution of science communication and the relationship between society and science over the last centuries. After that, it presents a critical view on the excessive optimism around technology and scientific advancement, arguing that the possible solutions to the environmental crisis cannot come exclusively through technology substitution. The article thus shows that there is today a clear distinction between science communication and the communication of science as a mass product, which is promoted today by different stakeholders to manipulate public opinion for different reasons. Finally, the article identifies some common elements of this phenomenon that we call technowashing, insofar as it aims at a laundering of responsibilities and harmful impacts of business and political decisions.
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